<p>Fischerton Water Race is a heritage-listed aqueduct at Tate-Almaden Road, Crystalbrook, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by George Bell and built in 1894. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 November 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tin was first discovered in Queensland at Stanthorpe in 1872. The first recorded finding of tin in north Queensland was by James Venture Mulligan in 1875 in the Wild River district, near Herberton. Gold was still paramount at that time, but by the 1880s the mining industry of north Queensland was shifting its focus away from gold toward baser metals such as lead, copper and tin. Prior to this few prospectors had been interested in base metal extraction in the remote areas of north Queensland as road, rail and nearby port facilities were largely non-existent making freight costs involved in shipping extracted minerals to the coast too high.</p><br>
<p>The first commercial tin workings in the north were, however, not conducted by large commercial European enterprises but by Chinese prospectors. Chinese miners are believed to have begun mining for tin in north Queensland as early as 1876-1877, but certainly by 1878 the declining gold yields in the area had resulted in many Chinese investigating tin deposits located on Granite Creek and Cannibal Creek south-east of Maytown.</p><br>
<p>Prospectors J. Hogsfleisch (a pioneer mailman) and companions J. Dow, J. Williams and H. Hammond discovered tin on the remote Tate River in 1878. In 1883 the fields along the Tate were worked for the first time and for more than a decade small groups of miners washed the alluvial tin. Distance from batteries, however, precluded additional development of the field at this time. Further tin discoveries in north Queensland led to alluvial tin being worked at Stannary Hills in 1885, and along the Annan River north of Cooktown in 1885.</p><br>
<p>By 1893 a town was formerly surveyed on the northern bank of the Tate River. This town was named Fischerton after the local landowner Mr H. Fischer, but is also referred to as the Tate Tin Mines or simply the Tate. By the time the school at Fischerton opened on 16 October 1894 the town&#39;s population had grown to 260 men, 14 women and 14 children.</p><br>
<p>In 1894 the Brisbane-based Tate Alluvial Tin Syndicate N.L. negotiated with Fischer for the construction of a 10 km water race from the Tate River to a working face east of the town site. An engineer, Mr George Bell, supervised the construction of the race that included 6.5 km of excavation, 2.5 km of drystone wall construction, 100m of fluming and 6 km of solid rock blasting. The race emptied at its western end into a substantial dam with a 60m long embankment. The race was completed on Saturday 13 October 1894 at a total cost of £7,000. On the Monday following completion a dinner was held for the construction workers at Abrahams Royal Hotel in Fischerton followed by a picnic the next day and a ball in the evening. Flood damage only months after completion of the race completely destroyed the syndicates finances with the mining operations taken over by John Moffats Irvinebank Mining Company under manager William Waddell, later manager at Kooraboora Battery. The Irvinebank Mining Company then conducted sluicing operations on the Tate during favourable seasons. This company practiced a policy of preference for public ore designed to ensure a continuous supply of ore for processing at the companys mills. This practice provided quick returns for individual miners and encouraged them to work their claims more effectively. At Fischerton the company purchased the winnings of many of the old prospectors who scratched a living from the area&#39;s alluvial deposit.</p><br>
<p>Output at the Tate Tin Mines was usually in the order of 30 tons. In 1914 only 1.5 tons of tin was obtained through sluicing operations on the Tate, while just 5.5 ton were recovered by dry blowing. This downturn in tin mining fortunes was occurring across all fields then in operation in north Queensland. The Tate River, which had by then been a constant supply source for tin fossickers during nearly thirty years of operations, was reported to be producing meagre returns. The Irvinebank Company continued its operations on the Tate until 1920 by which time it had extracted 3,556 tons of tin over a quarter of a century of barely profitable operations.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The remains of the water race run roughly parallel to the western and northern banks of the Tate River for approximately 6.5 km to the western sluice face area adjacent to Soda Spring and an earthen dam wall at an unnamed north-south trending creek-line. This western end features evidence of iron fluming, timber retaining wall or loading ramp, concrete slab building surfaces and associated mining debris.</p><br>
<p>For most of its length the race is constructed of a stone retaining wall, in some places up to 2m in height, carrying a now shallow clay-lined drain on its up-slope side. While the majority of the stonewall is constructed of rough angular blocks, several sections are noted to include blocks specifically cut to form a smooth surface on the down- slope side of the race. At several sections along the race, fabric changes from stonewall to a low earthen ditch for lengths of up to 500m.</p><br>
<p>Along its course the race is crossed four times by vehicular roads (twice by the Tate - Almaden Road and twice by other tracks) and by a number of small creeks. Heavy water flows in the past along the majority of these intersecting creeks have collapsed small sections of the race. Approximately 5.5 km from its western end the race intersects a large creek entering the Tate River from the north. This creek had previously been dammed, with the race constructed over the dam wall. This dam has been breached and the race has subsequently collapsed at this point.</p><br>
<p>The area 1.5 - 2.0 km from the western end has been heavily affected by large powerful outflows of water from large underground (now partially exposed) water pipes emptying into the Tate River. Little remains of the race in this section.</p><br>
<p>Sections at the eastern end of the race are damaged in large part due to changes over time in the course of the Tate River. Much of the race here is now situated within the ephemeral riverbed. However, this section of the race still features large sections of drystone wall, some of which has been fixed in place through the concreting of blocks, as well as large sections cut or blasted out of the bedrock to form the race.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Fischerton Water Race was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 November 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Fischerton Water Race is important in demonstrating the evolution of tin-mining practices in Queensland in the late 19th century. The water race is representative of practices used for the extraction of base metal resources in north Queensland and is significant as an early example of the effort, both manual and financial, that was applied to mine base metals in a remote location reliant on seasonal rains.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The water race is a rare and uncommon example of its type and is the longest stone pitched water race recorded in North Queensland. It is unusual in its size, ranging to over 2m in height in places and with a total extent of up to 10 km in length.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The intactness of the water race 100 years after construction was completed testifies to the quality of the construction, in particular the stonewall sections. While water races were common to mining areas, the Fischerton Water Race is a fine example of its type with significant variation from a standard water race design involving simple earth ditches with timber, metal or masonry linings that often incorporated flumes.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The structure is complex in design in terms of contours and fall. Various sections of the stone pitched wall show evidence of great effort in terms of shaping and fitting locally sourced stone to produce flat wall surfaces. Sections near the Tate River feature early examples of the concreting of stones to keep them in place as well as large sections blasted out of the bedrock to form the race.</p><br>
<p>Thermo Electric Ore Reduction Corporation Mill is a heritage-listed ruins of a mining building at Wolfram Road, Wolfram, Dimbulah, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1906 to 1918. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 April 2004.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hodgkinson River area was declared a goldfield in 1876. While yields of gold were small compared to those being produced along the Palmer River, the area is also a geologically rich mineral field. The mineral known as wolfram (also known as wolframite) was discovered in 1894 in the headwaters of the Hodgkinson River scattered over the surface as bunches in quartzose boulders or in drifts interspersed with coarse gravels. In 1900, 91 pounds of molybdenite was also discovered. This was said to contain some of the finest specimens of molybdenite discovered anywhere in Australia.</p><br>
<p>Wolfram is composed of a heavy gray-white metallic element, with pure wolfram being used mainly in electrical applications and is also the ore from which tungsten is refined. In 1899 wolfram was returning £38 per ton. Other than along the Hodgkinson, wolfram has been located in north Queensland at Bamford Hill approximately 85 km west-south-west of Cairns in 1893, north-west of Cairns at Mount Carbine in the 1890s, on Moa Island in the Torres Strait during the 1940s, and also in the Herberton district.</p><br>
<p>A small town formed near the mineral deposits, and by 1900 there were 100 men working wolfram, molybdenite and bismuth at what became known as Wolfram Camp. The Irvinebank Mining Company invested there in 1900, appointing a manager, Alexander Gillan.</p><br>
<p>Demand for high grade wolfram, after the development of tungsten as a lamp filament in 1904, and for molybdenite for use in patent alloys, led to an early interest in rare metals by British firms, the most prominent being George G. Blackwell and Sons of Liverpool. Prices in 1904 for both metals were high - up to £200 per ton for molybdenite and £140 per ton for wolfram - and attracted many goldminers. Of the 1,136 people on the Hodgkinson by 1904, 700 were miners working at Wolfram Camp. By 1909 wolfram was returning £41,820 compared to the value of gold production at £7,089. But the rare metals industry was unstable - there was insecurity in the unknown overseas markets where demand fluctuated erratically and local miners were never sure of their returns. So a Wolfram Co-operative Association was formed to arrange advances and shipments through intermediaries such as the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency and W.J. Lempriere and Co, but generally the local industry was poorly organised.</p><br>
<p>From 1904, 2,500 tons of wolfram valued at £250,000 were produced at Wolfram Camp, half of which went through John Moffats Irvinebank Company mill. John Moffat, a large speculator and enterprising investor in north Queensland mining, was diversifying his interests through steady exports of rare metals. The Irvinebank Mining Company spent upwards of £1,000 on development work on the main mines the Weate, Tully, Weate United and Comerford in 1905. The Irvinebank Company set up the battery in 1906 on Bulluburrah Creek in the lower valley using the technology for separating molybdenite which was developed by local miners. W.A. Pepper was the battery manager. The battery comprised: a rockbreaker, Cornish rolls, a Krupp table, and a Frue vanner to remove the quartz. This battery was a stabilising influence on Wolfram Camp - treating ore from the Mulligan, United, Downfall, Nichols, Forget-me-Not, Bonner, Tully, Weate, Larkin United, Murphys and Leinsters claims. The mill was closed for long periods throughout 1909 because of strikes over the 44-hour week. It operated again from 1910 to 1912 and was closed in the rationalisation of the Irvinebank Mining Company&#39;s assets that year.</p><br>
<p>The wolfram mining industry passed through a depression for several years from 1910 chiefly because of the exhaustion of the residual surface accumulations of ore, thus ending the days of the gougers. The Irvinebank Company had been the chief producer but its operations were not a financial success. High cartage costs to the mill and water supply were problems, as was the old and troublesome ball mill, whereas the companys molybdenite plant, erected for the separation of quartz and molybdenite with aid of oily water, was a model of simplicity. Lionel Ball, government geologist, noted that: "The Irvinebank Mining Companys enterprise... in the hazardous undertaking of wolfram mining demands recognition. Its mines are the deepest and by far the most extensive at Wolfram; and had it not erected a battery, the yield for some years past would have been insignificant, while Wolfram as a town would probably have ceased to exist".</p><br>
<p>Many of the mines were closed during World War I. In 1915 new rolls were added by the Irvinebank Company to the dry crusher and a roasting furnace was built to treat increased quantities of pyrites. A government subsidy was also used for a road deviation to assist Wolfram miners. In 1916 the Irvinebank Mining Company replaced the ball mill with stamps and installed a dynamo for lighting and a magnetic machine to separate wolfram from bismuth and the impurities from the concentrates. A 66 hp suction gas engine and belt-driven air compressor were erected at Leisner&#39;s Wolfram Block mine.</p><br>
<p>The advent of the Thermo Electric Ore Reduction Corporation of Britain sustained the Wolfram district through the war years with the government paying fixed prices. Mr F.C. Cann was General Manager and consulting engineer. Unfortunately the completion of the company&#39;s new and extensive reduction and concentrating works was delayed until 1918 when the first unit of 20 stamps and the concentrating plant became operational.</p><br>
<p>The Corporations mill was located adjacent to the Irvinebank Mining Companys battery. The new company bought the Irvinebank Companys and other mines, built a new dam, and planned a new gravity treatment plant. The Corporation lost some of its machinery in transit during the war. Twenty head of stamps and an aerial ropeway were erected to treat the wolfram ore in 1918. The mines were formed into groups with common haulage systems. The central collection point for the mines (Liesners Wolfram Block, Murphy and Geany, Larkin and Wade, Hillside, Hughes, Tully and Mulligan) was the Forget-me-Not mine, and the buckets were transported electrically to the mill.</p><br>
<p>The Thermo Electric Ore Reduction Corporation failed to survive the slump in metal prices after the return to free market forces in March 1920. Within weeks Wolfram Camp was almost deserted. It is presumed that the mill ceased to operate from this time and was dismantled as the next wolfram mining revival in 1926 saw the Queensland Rare Metal Company erecting a new battery on the site of the Irvinebank Mining Company&#39;s previous 10 head battery.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place contains four separate groups of structural foundations in addition to a number of breached weirs along Bulluburrah Creek. A group of concrete foundations and engine mounts on the west side of the Wolfram road form the remains of the Irvinebank Company mill powerhouse and molybdenite tower.</p><br>
<p>Opposite, on the eastern side of the road, a series of terraced building surfaces retained by heavy dry stone walls, formed the foundations of the Thermo Electric Ore Reduction Corporation&#39;s store and office. A feature of this group is the form-cast concrete walls of the office, which remain in good condition, though without a roof.</p><br>
<p>The Thermo Electric Corporation mill foundations to the south are connected to the store and office by a benched track supported by a rock retaining wall. The mill foundations are extensive and comprise massive retaining walls of rough-dressed stone blocks, supporting eight terraced benches with concrete machinery mounts and rendered surfaces. A fourth group of machinery mounts south of the mill comprise the boiler room and power plant foundations.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Thermo Electric Ore Reduction Corporation Mill was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 7 April 2004 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Thermo Electric Ore Reduction Corporation Mill at Wolfram is important in demonstrating the evolution of rare mineral mining and processing practices in Queensland in the early 20th century. The mill provides physical evidence of an important shift in mining practices and employment in the Hodgkinson River area, from gold to rare mineral mining and processing.</p><br>
<p>The Thermo Electric Ore Reduction Corporation Mill is significant in Queensland&#39;s history as an example of overseas (British) capital funding a state-of-the-art ore processing works, which was short-lived (18 months) due to foreign market influences and an inability to diversify.</p><br>
<p>The mill and associated remains, especially the scale of the mill foundations, demonstrate the scale and economic importance of wolfram mining in north Queensland in the years prior to, and during, World War One.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The mill is representative of an uncommon mining practice in north Queensland, that of rare mineral mining of molybdenite and bismuth.</p><br>
<p>The Thermo Electro Co. office, a 1918 form-cast concrete building, is unique in relation to early twentieth century mining in north Queensland. The heavy stone retaining walls with concrete machinery mounts rise up the steep slope in eight terraced benches and are the largest and most massive mill foundations recorded in north Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The mill is significant due to its association with John Moffat, who between 1872 and 1918, played an important role in the development of the base metal mining industry in north Queensland. The mill is representative of Moffat&#39;s efforts to diversify his mining activities in the north, particularly his activities involving the extraction, processing and export of rare metals.</p><br>
<p>La Société Française des Métaux Rares treatment plant is a heritage-listed smelting works at Wolfram, Dimbulah, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1911 to 1913. It is also known as French Company Rare Metal Treatment Plant Site. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former La Société Française des Métaux Rares treatment plant operated between 1911 and 1913. The plant used an unusual dry blowing treatment process for the rare mineral, wolfram.</p><br>
<p>Wolfram was discovered in 1894 in the headwaters of the Hodgkinson River scattered over the surface as bunches in quartzose boulders or in drifts interdispersed with coarse gravel. In 1899 when wolfram was at its highest price, 240 tons were sent away for £38 per ton.</p><br>
<p>The township, Wolfram, named after the mineral, formed on the banks of the Bulluburrah Creek in two parts, Upper Wolfram or Top Camp, and Lower Wolfram or Bottom Camp.</p><br>
<p>In 1900, 91 pounds of molybdenite was discovered at Wolfram. This was said to contain some of the finest specimens of molybdenite discovered in Australia. There were 100 men working at Wolfram by late 1900, on wolfram, molybdenite and bismuth. The Irvinebank Mining Company invested at Wolfram in 1900, appointing Alexander Gillan as manager.</p><br>
<p>Demand for high grade wolfram, after the development of tungsten as a lamp filament in 1904, and for molybdenite for use in patent alloys, led to an early interest in rare minerals by British firms, the most prominent being George G. Blackwell and Sons of Liverpool. Prices in 1904 for both metals were high- up to £200 a ton for molybdenite and £140 a ton for wolfram - and attracted many goldminers. Of the 1,136 people on the Hodgkinson by 1904, 700 were miners working at Wolfram. By 1909 wolfram was returning £41,820 compared to the value of gold at £7,089. But the rare metals industry was unstable - there was insecurity in the unknown overseas markets where demand fluctuated erratically and local miners were never sure of their returns. So a Wolfram Co-operative Association was formed to arrange advances and shipments through intermediaries such as the New Zealand Loan and Mercantile Agency and WJ Lempriere and Co, but generally the local industry was poorly organised (Kirkman 1982: 189-190).</p><br>
<p>The workings extended without a break from over 3 km along the contact of the intrusive granite with older porphyries and slates from high rugged slopes down to the valley of Bulluburrah Creek (QGMJ 15 Jan 1913: 4). Initially settlement was concentrated on the higher slopes at Top Camp.</p><br>
<p>From 1904, 2,500 tons of wolfram valued at £250,000 were produced at Wolfram Camp, half of which went through Moffatts Irvinebank Co. Mill. The Irvinebank Mining Company set up a battery on Bullaburrah Creek in the lower valley. This battery was a stabilising influence on Wolfram Camp, although it was closed for long periods throughout 1909 because of strikes over the 44 hour week. It operated again from 1910 to 1912 and was closed in the rationalisation of Irvinebank Mining Companys assets at the end of that year.</p><br>
<p>The area around the mill in the lower valley became the main settlement after 1907. The township, clustered on a ridge north of the battery, was at its peak during World War I. The wolfram mining industry passed through a depression for several years from 1910 chiefly because of the exhaustion of the residual surface accumulations of ore, thus ending the days of the gouger.</p><br>
<p>La Société Française des Métaux Rares was registered in Queensland in 1911. That same year Frenchman, Mr Poulet, took over a number of mine dumps and tailing heaps on behalf of French syndicate. The objective was to extract wolfram, molybdenite and bismuth from the lowest grade mixed-metal ore using a specially designed treatment plant.</p><br>
<p>The crushing plant was delivered in August 1911 and the Queensland Government Mining Journal (15 Jan 1913: 4) reports that earthworks were underway in July 1912 for installation of the plant above Bulluburrah Creek in Upper Wolfram. The power plant imported by the company included an early 240 horsepower MAN diesel engine, type A4V49, weighing nearly 35,000 kg that was coupled axially to a DC generator. An extensive system of overhead wire ropeways to collect ore from mullock heaps and a dam in Bulluburrah Creek were some of the proposed constructions. The cost of installation was expected to be considerably over £50,000 and required constant employment of 50 people, mostly skilled mechanics.</p><br>
<p>After a few short and unsuccessful trial runs, the process plant was liquidated in 1913 because of the health hazards associated with the dry blowing process.</p><br>
<p>The diesel engine was sold to Cooktown syndicate, and transported to the Louisa mine on the Palmer Goldfield. It now resides at the Great Extended Mine, Totley.</p><br>
<p>Many of the mines were closed during WWI. The Thermo-Electric Ore Reduction Corporation plant built near the site of the Irvinebank Company Mill at Lower Wolfram, sustained the district through the war years with the government paying fixed prices. After slumps in metal prices after the return of free market forces in March 1920 the Thermo Co. failed to survive. Wolfram Camp was almost deserted within weeks of its shutdown.</p><br>
<p>In 1926 Queensland Rare Metal Company erected a new battery on the site of the Irvinebank Mining Company&#39;s 10 head battery. As the prices of wolfram and molybdenite were declining there was little hope of success and the plant worked intermittently, with no crushing in 1934. Increased wolfram prices in 1935 attracted miners back to Wolfram and in 1937 the Pepper mine was dewatered and 200 men working in the area.</p><br>
<p>During World War II 3 tributers worked mines at Wolfram: Larkin, Lansky and Forget-me-Not. In 1946 the contract price for wolfram between the British and Australian governments expired, no further prices were quoted and operations ceased. There were small scale workings at some of the mines in 1947. There was a brief rush after the outbreak of the Korean War in 1951. However, as the price of wolfram fell many mining activities ceased.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Arthur Molybdenite Company NL worked several mines in the Wolfram Camp area in the 1970s until they sold their equipment by tender in 1989.</p><br>
<p>In 2006 there is renewed interest in mining wolfram, molybdenite and bismuth at Wolfram, and an open cut mining operation approximately 1 km south of the site of the former La Société Française des Métaux Rares plant, is proposed. In 2016, the open cut mine was sold to ATC Alloys Limited.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The site of the former La Société Française des Métaux Rares treatment plant is across six levels excavated from the side of hill on the eastern bank of Bulluburrah Creek.</p><br>
<p>The principal extant remains are on Levels 3 and 4. Level 3 is a levelled area of approximately 50 x 25 metres. It includes a concrete lined hole, 6 x 8 metres and 5 metres deep. A row of 5 concrete fan blocks of varying sizes are adjacent to the excavated area, on the south side. The largest fan block is 4.4 x 3.2 metres and stands 4 metres high, with a round opening of 1.6m in diameter. There are three smaller concrete blocks of 1.4 to 1.8 metres high between the largest fan block and another large fan block that measures 4.3 x 2.9 metres and stands 2.7 metres high. It also has a round opening of 1.6m diameter. Two rows of skip track anchor posts, standing 400mm high and set in concrete blocks, run north-south on the east and west edges of Level 3.</p><br>
<p>Level 4 consists of a concrete floor (23 x 5 metres) and a concrete bed (16 x 6 metres) with a complicated arrangement of concrete pits, trenches and platforms. There two parallel rows of bolts standing upright in a line for 3.5 metres, as well as a number of other bolts indicating where the engine was bolted to the floor. A concrete floor with dimensions 23 x 5.1 metres is 8 metres south of the machine site.</p><br>
<p>Level 5 is the highest level on the site and consists of a flat clay floor approximately 25 x 10 metres. Some small pieces of metal fragments are present. Two more excavated levels are evident to the south of Level 5. The first, which appears to be hand excavated, is 50 x 25 metres. Another appears machine excavated and measures 25 x 25 metres.</p><br>
<p>Level 6 is a smaller excavated area to the north of Level 3. A mullock heap extends 40 x 20 metres above Level 6. It consists of quartz, molybdenite, sandstone and wolfram.</p><br>
<p>Level 1 and 2 are the lowest levels and the closest to Bulluburrah Creek. Level 1 has a concrete block with a small pulley wheel. A number of cement canister retaining strips can be seen on this level.</p><br>
<p>Level 2 is above and to the north of Level 1. It contains a few archaeological remains, including part of a steel cable and cement canister retaining strips.</p><br>
<p>The northern boundary is a straight line starting at a point on Bulluburrah Creek at 144degrees5821"E, 17degrees0425"S and finishing at Bulluburrah Creek at 144degrees5814"E, 17degrees0425"S. The western boundary is Bulluburrah Creek to a point at 144degrees5812"E, 17degrees0430"S. The southern boundary is from this point on the creek to a point on the top of the hill above Level 5 at 144degrees5821"E, 17degrees0434"S. The eastern boundary runs from the point on the top of the hill to the north-eastern most point on Bulluburrah Creek.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Société Française des Métaux Rares treatment plant was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 4 July 2006 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former La Société Française des Métaux Rares treatment plant is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland mining history. One of four processing plants in the Wolfram area, the treatment plant provides physical evidence of an important shift in milling practices and employment in the Hodgkinson River area, from gold to other mineral mining and processing. The treatment plant represents an uncommon milling practice in north Queensland, that of the mineral, wolfram. The scale of the treatment plant foundations demonstrates the scale and economic importance of wolfram mining in north Queensland in the years prior to WWI.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The former La Société Française des Métaux Rares treatment plant has the potential to contribute to our understanding of the different processing methods used in the treatment of wolfram, prior to WWI. The relatively high value of the mineral led to the experimentation with different processing methods such as the dry blowing process used at La Soceite de Francaise des Metaux Rares treatment plant.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The former La Société Française des Métaux Rares treatment plant is important because of its aesthetic significance. As an abandoned industrial ruin complex in a secluded dry bushland setting, the place evokes a strong aesthetic response. The remains of the treatment plant, over 6 terraced levels, exhibit a "sense of remoteness" enhanced by the place&#39;s isolation, landscape, scale and setting.</p><br>
<p>Rocky Bluff Battery and Township is a heritage-listed former mining town at Watsonville, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1902 to. It is also known as Stannary Hills Mill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 December 2002.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tin was discovered in the Rocky Bluff district in 1883 but initially little development occurred. Extensive leases were acquired over the area by a South Australian company, the North Queensland Tin Mining Corporation, in 1900. The company passed the properties and fixed assets to the Stannary Hills Mines and Tramway Company Limited, an Adelaide-based company with a nominated capital of £650,000. This company took advantage of the tramway clause in the Mining Act of 1898 and commenced surveys for a narrow gauge tramway from Boonmoo, along Eureka Creek to Stannary Hills, thence over the ridge to a terminus at Watsonville.</p><br>
<p>The line opened to Stannary Hills in May 1902. Instead of proceeding to Watsonville it was decided to construct a branch line 11 km to Rocky Bluff on the Walsh River and this opened on 18 November 1902.</p><br>
<p>The battery was constructed in 1902 on a machine area of 4 hectares beside the Walsh River. Sand and gravel had to be carted uphill from the river. Bricks were carted in on the Stannary Hills tramway and then lowered on a rope tramway 190m down the hill to the battery site. The battery was formally opened on 6 May 1903. Named "Jumping Moses", the 20 head battery, Huntington mill and Merton furnace were perched high on the steep hillside above the river.</p><br>
<p>The battery closed in June 1903 because the mortar box shifted and there was insufficient boiler power. The general manager, Charles S. Pasley, reported that the battery could only work at half power until the boiler was replaced by a larger one; £600 was to be spent on two frue vanners, two wheeler pans and a small four compartment jigger.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 new stamper foundations and storage bins were constructed, a further 10 head stamps were added and the old 20 head were replaced. New rolls were put in between rockbreaker and battery, and a travelling "grizzly" to take the crushed ore with the roughs taken out on a moving elevator. A Krupp ball mill reground the coarser parts of the battery pulp. All the pumps were replaced by new return pumps throughout the mill. The bases of the vanners were built in and the brickwork of the Merton furnace was repaired and relined. A slime buddle was also put in to deal more efficiently with the overflow slimes. The gravitation water supply was brought by wooden fluming about 2 km up the river, except at times of reduced flow, when a system of pumping from, and returning to a dam in the river was resorted to. Motive power for the battery was supplied by a 350 hp Robey compound engine and for the dressing plant by a 30 hp high- pressure engine, steam being generated in Babcock and Wilcox boilers.</p><br>
<p>In 1905 the small township of Rocky Bluffs had "some 200 inhabitants and... a good hotel, store and provisional school". The battery supplied electricity to the school and some of the principal buildings in the township. The township was also reticulated from the gravitational water supply.</p><br>
<p>Because of its steep site the township had the reputation that no wheeled vehicle, cart, wagon or buggy ever got into its main streets. A postal receiving office operated from 1903 to 1907. The battery and general work at Rocky Bluffs, the terminus of the Stannary Hills tramline, gave employment to about 50 men in 1905. Ore was shipped in from surrounding mines, such as the Arbouin, which was connected by an aerial ropeway to the tramline, the Ivanhoe, Extended, Kitchener and Eclipse mines.</p><br>
<p>The Stannary Hills Company spent £120,000 in three years on tramways, plant and buildings, and mine development. The company was highly successful while tin prices remained high, but after the collapse of the market in late 1907 its influence declined. Between 1904 and 1911, when the company closed down output was valued at £275,352.</p><br>
<p>John Darling and Company, a South Australian company, bought the assets of the liquidated Stannary Hills Tramway and Tin Mines Limited and undertook extensive repairs in 1912 to reopen the battery. The battery was renovated in 1917. It reopened with one shift per day in the latter half of 1918 and operated into the mid 1920s. The tramway from the Junction to Rocky Bluff was dismantled in 1926.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place comprises a number of components including the formation and terminus structures of the Stannary Hills - Rocky Bluff tramway: a ropeway formation descending from the tramway to the battery including concrete brake mounts; and foundations of the battery including terraced benches and high retaining walls descending steeply to the Walsh River; an intact stone weir across the river; and two township areas, one on the river flat and the other in the gully below the battery.</p><br>
<p>The battery comprises four main terraced levels separated with high rock-face retaining walls. The crusher level includes sections of brick walls and flues of a two-unit Babcock boiler house, the substantial brick base of a metal chimney and concrete engine mounts. Adjacent are three pairs of concrete foundations for 30 head of stamps. The battery floor contains three circular brick bases for large agitator vats, and an intact square brick chimney associated with an arrangement of brick precipitation tanks. A furnace floor, below, contains the brick remains of a Merton furnace with flues connecting to the base of the chimney. This area also contains a small retort consisting of an iron furnace and brick firebox. Three circular concrete rendered brick buddle bases for the treatment of slimes are located on a lower level.</p><br>
<p>Evidence of structures at the settlement sites is minimal and includes timber stumps, rock walls and a dump of green beer bottles marking a hotel or store site. A section of steel chimney has been dumped on the settlement site. A small stone building survives in the vicinity of the settlement.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Rocky Bluff Battery and Township was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 13 December 2002 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Rocky Bluff battery, tramway and township are significant as an expression of early integrated development in North Queensland&#39;s mining industry.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The combination of functions in one place is unique: steam tramway and terminus, rope incline tramway, battery, weir and settlement. The battery of 30 head was one of the largest to operate in the Mareeba district.</p><br>
<p>The brick chimney and Merton furnace (though partly demolished), are a rare combination. The place is one of the few battery sites in Queensland with a brick chimney remaining.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Due to difficult access the place retains comprehensive evidence of the layout of a range of representative late 19th century haulage, concentrating and settlement features. The battery layout still clearly demonstrates treatment processes through its surviving structures and surface archaeology.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The battery site was selected for efficient operation above the Walsh River and the mountain and river setting is very impressive containing historic landscape values.</p><br>
<p>Queensland National Bank is a heritage-listed former bank building at Jessie Street, Irvinebank, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank building at Irvinebank was erected by the Irvinebank Mining Co. Ltd. A branch of the Queensland National Bank operated from these premises from July 1905 to April 1923.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland National Bank was established in Brisbane in 1872. The bank was formed by an influential group of Queensland squatters, politicians, lawyers and businessmen who were anxious to secure development capital, which was free from overseas or inter-colonial control. Within 6 months, three branches had been opened. In 1878, the Queensland National Bank opened a branch in London, and in 1880, one in Sydney.</p><br>
<p>In the 1870s and 1880s the Queensland National Bank was patronized by prominent public figures, including Sir Thomas McIlwraith (Queensland Premier 1879-1882, 1888, 1893) and Sir Arthur Hunter Palmer (Queensland Premier 1870-1874). In September 1879 McIlwraith, a director of the QNB, persuaded the Queensland Parliament to confer on the Queensland National Bank the whole of the Queensland Governments banking business. By 1880 the bank held 40% of the total deposits and advances in Queensland, a higher proportion than any other bank in any Australian colony. The bank exclusively held the governments account for 42 years, until 1921. As the colony&#39;s most powerful banking institution, the Queensland National Bank dominated the Queensland economy.</p><br>
<p>Despite financial scandals and a brief suspension of operation as a result of the "bank smash" in the 1890s, the Queensland National Bank contributed substantially to the development of North Queensland, lending generously to pastoral, sugar, and particularly mining interests. In 1948, it merged with the National Bank of Australasia Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Irvinebank (originally named Gibbs Camp) was established in 1883 as a tin town and the centre of entrepreneur John Moffat&#39;s mining empire. Prior to 1905, banking facilities at Irvinebank were non-existent. Spurred by profitable silver and tin smelters, the nearby town of Montalbion grew quickly during the 1880s and became an administrative centre. During this time, a branch of the Queensland National Bank operated at Montalbion, although it closed in 1893, the economic depression of the early 1890s crippling mining operations and causing the town to decline more rapidly than it had grown. Sources indicate that prior to the opening of the Irvinebank branch, some residents of Irvinebank (including John Moffat) banked at the Herberton branch of the Queensland National Bank.</p><br>
<p>The Queensland National Bank opened the Irvinebank branch on 6 July 1905. The architect is unknown and it appears that the Queensland National Bank did not the own the premises, but rented the building as an office and managers residence from the Irvinebank Mining Co. Ltd. The Queensland Government Mining Journal of 15 November 1919:464 states that "the company also owns a brick building used as the Q.N. banking chambers and bank managers residence".</p><br>
<p>According to bank records the first manager to occupy the Queensland National Bank building at Irvinebank was Mr Harry Bathurst. Mr James Orr, who remained until 1908, succeeded him after only a short period. Jack Farquar took the role of branch manager from 1908 until 1920 and was followed by Sidney James McCord Allison, who remained in the position until the branch closed on 30 April 1923. Due to the long travelling time and vast distance between the branch and its administrative centre in Brisbane, the managers of remote branches such as Irvinebank had a higher than usual responsibility.</p><br>
<p>Suggestive of the encouraging progress made by the Queensland National Bank in the town, the Bank of New South Wales also opened a branch in Irvinebank, operating from 1907/8 until 1915.</p><br>
<p>Moffats own residence and office was a very short distance from the Queensland National Bank, and was connected to it by a benched pathway, demonstrating the complex inter-relationship between the bank and the North Queensland mining industry. By 1912 John Moffats overdraft with the Queensland National Bank had reached £58,000. As protection of their loan, the Queensland National Bank demanded Moffat&#39;s retirement from the Irvinebank Mining Co. Ltd.</p><br>
<p>The companys management and interests were passed to Moffats long time colleague James Smith Reid, but consolidation of its enterprises could not be achieved. John Moffat passed away at Toowoomba on 28 June 1918 and the major part of Irvinebanks operation, the Loudoun Mill and associated buildings such as the mine managers residence and the former Queensland National Bank premises, were sold to the Queensland government in 1919. After a lengthy period of mixed operation under government control the Loudoun Mill and associated buildings were leased to a private operator in 1983. From at least this period the former Queensland National Bank building at Irvinebank was used as a private residence.</p><br>
<p>In January 2004 the Queensland Department of Natural Resources, Mines and Energy removed the lessee from the Loudoun Mill and the Queensland National Bank building. Subsequent inspection revealed that some original joinery in the former bank building had been damaged or removed. Among the missing fixtures were the original red cedar bank counter from the first floor as well as a number of the red cedar doors, door-frames and window frames from the upper storey manager&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Queensland National Bank building is a square-plan two storey Federation style bonded brick building that faces Jessie Street adjacent to the School of Arts building at the base of a slope below Loudoun House and the Irvinebank State Treatment Works. It has a corrugated iron roof with an attached cantilevered timber balcony on the upper level. The original unpainted and un-rendered external brickwork is retained. The plan of the building is typical of late 19th century bank buildings with a former banking chamber at ground floor level and a residence for the manager on the upper level.</p><br>
<p>The building&#39;s corrugated iron roof has a "U" shaped hipped configuration, which is worthy of note. While giving the perception of symmetry when viewed from the street, this type of roof was often constructed in order to reduce the height of the roof. Builders usually employed the technique where poor quality or undersize timber framing was not readily available, even though the original architects plans may have been for another style of roof. As evidenced by this building, the configuration created a central box gutter (in the valley of the roof) that was prone to flooding, placing increased pressure upon the internal structure of the building. A central supporting wall, forming part of the hallway of the upper level, supports the increased load.</p><br>
<p>The upper level was originally used as a manager&#39;s residence. It has a timber balcony with a two-rail dowel balustrade, square stop-chamfered timber posts with shaped timber brackets above capital moulds, and covered by a bullnose corrugated iron roof on two sides. The floor of the balcony has been painted white, with dowels and timber brackets, and red/brown rails and posts on the balustrade. The main roof has quad gutters while the balcony has bullnosed guttering. Several sets of low-waisted six-panel (two timber at the base, the rest is clear glass) French doors with rectangular fanlight and flat arch open onto the balcony. The flat arch is formed by untapered bricks laid in a stretcher bond on about a sixty-degree angle, from either side in opposition, meeting in a v-shape forming a central triangle. This arch is repeated above the windows and French doors on the ground floor. The upper level leads to a freestanding extension at the rear of the building. The extension consists of a square timber framed building with single skinned timber walls and a hipped corrugated iron roof. The interior colour scheme includes the use of white, cream, green, blue and yellow paints.</p><br>
<p>A set of concrete steps with bullnose edges, leading to a short verandah along the front wall of the building, form the entrance to the lower level. The verandah has square posts and a two-rail dowel balustrade. An external flight of stairs to the upper level joins the verandah at the far end. The entrance on this level is a low waisted four-panel timber French door, with a three-pane rectangular fanlight (two panes of clear glass and one painted) and flat arch. The door and windows on this level are surrounded by a false quoin effect created by brickwork proud of the main wall face. Timber elements appear to have been painted red. External walls are constructed in brick with quoins on each corner. The lower floor has double hung timber sash windows with horns and flat arch. Timbers used to support the balcony rest on corbels between the windows and are painted white. A white-painted awning, made from timber palings finished to form a decorative edge, hangs from the balcony and covers windows on two sides of the building. The rear wall of the ground floor is built into the slope behind. This level consists of 3 rooms, two smaller ones that open onto the main room that runs the length of one side of the building. The main room contained the cedar bank counter, which divided the room into two halves. There is no internal access from this level to the floor above. The original unpainted and un-rendered external brick and stonework is retained. Square blocks of stone have been used in part of the rear wall on the lower level and the verandah. One of the side walls on the lower level also uses blocks of stone and has been painted white.</p><br>
<p>No significant plantings are associated with the building. There is a cut stone wall which extends from the rear corner of the building following the slope of the hill, parallel to the benched pathway between the Bank and the School of Arts which leads up to Loudoun House. A short distance from the building a flight of five steps is built into the wall, allowing access to the upper terrace and rear wall of the building.</p><br>
<p>Inspections in January 2004 revealed extensive damage to the internal fabric of the building, including original features. Remaining internal features include timber flooring, single skin timber walls, and cedar and glass panelling and suspended partitions on the lower floor.</p><br>
<p>The building forms an important part of the streetscape of Irvinebank because of its unusual roof design, wrap-around verandah, brick construction and visual accessibility from the main street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank is important in demonstrating the pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, particularly the association between the influential Queensland National Bank and the developing North Queensland tin fields, and as evidence of the infrastructure which developed to support North Queensland mining fields in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The place has aesthetic significance for its architectural qualities, as well as for its contribution to the streetscape through its form, scale and design, which compliment the nearby School of Arts, Loudoun House, and other surviving 19th century buildings. Irvinebank&#39;s frontier setting, nestled amongst the isolated hills of Far North Queensland provides visual context contributing greatly to the aesthetic value of the building.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The former Queensland National Bank building is an example of the a special association between the Queensland National Bank and the growth of the north Queensland mining industry, in particular it exemplifies of the close relationship between the Queensland National Bank and the Irvinebank Mining Co Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Loudoun House is a heritage-listed detached house at 16 OCallaghan Street, Irvinebank, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It is also known as Moffats House. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992. It is now operated as the Loudoun House Museum by the Irvinebank School of Arts & Progress Association.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>John Moffat (1841-1918) was a mining entrepreneur of considerable standing. His influence dominated the mining industry of the Cairns hinterland from the early 1880s until World War I; he was instrumental in founding the towns of Irvinebank, Watsonville, Chillagoe, Mungana, Mount Garnet, and Mount Molloy.</p><br>
<p>Moffat, the greatest mining magnate of his time in Queensland, is still remembered with affection in the North. He is credited with a scrupulous regard for ethical business practices, and the imposition of a benevolent paternalism over mining enterprises under his control. He was a man of high moral principles. The extent that Irvinebank residents relied on the industries created by John Moffat for their livelihoods is evident in the prayer "God Bless John Moffat" said to be taught by Irvinebank parents to their children at the turn of the century.</p><br>
<p>At a time when gold was the glamour industry of the region, Moffat concentrated his investments in base metals, notably tin and copper. He built a battery and smelter (the Loudoun Mill) at Irvinebank, centre of a rich tin lode district, and from 1883 lived in the town, first in tents and later in Loudoun House. His choice of a house site was characteristic of the man - whereas most wealthy mine owners disdained to live in the district where their mines were located, Moffat built right in the centre of Irvinebank, overlooking the Assay office, two minutes walk from the smelters and within earshot of the stampers. His house was also a very short distance from the Queensland National Bank, and connected to it by a benched pathway; demonstrating the complex and powerful influence the bank had on the mining industry, or vice versa. The Irvinebank-to-Stannary Hills tramway ran between the Queensland National Bank and Loudoun House, and into the Tramway Station at Loudoun Mill.</p><br>
<p>Moffats house was built /4. An 1886 photograph (Kerr 200X:9) shows a two story timber house surrounded by verandahs on four sides (partly enclosed) with a small detached timber building to the rear. It is believed to be an early use of high timber stumps and infilling of the sub-floor to create a second floor at ground level. Drawings indicate an expansion program occurred around 1907 expanding the servants wing on the eastern side of the building. Conventionally framed timber exposed studwork was used. An unusual construction method of single skin brickwork reinforced with timber framing was used in a surviving section of the earlier kitchen wing. This was presumably used for food storage. The original section of the servants wing, or the eastern side, has a concrete floor. The additional rooms have timber floor, walls and ceiling. A concrete water tank is at the south-eastern corner of the servants wing.</p><br>
<p>In correspondence Moffat described the house as built of local cedar cleared from Loudoun Dam and imported seasoned timber. It comprised a sitting room, two main bedrooms, four side verandah bedrooms, plus a front verandah affording a fine view over the Mill site and dam. The downstairs area was enclosed for cool offices, store, and assay rooms. Bachelor quarters were added twenty years later.</p><br>
<p>Moffats mining empire fell on hard times with the fall in metal prices in 1907. In 1912 he was forced by the Queensland National Bank to retire (to his Cremorne home in Sydney) as the tin industry subsided. Shortly after his death from influenza at Toowoomba in 1918, the Irvinebank works were purchased in 1919 by the Queensland Government as a State treatment works. The State Government continued to use the downstairs section as an office for the State Treatment Works with upper floor becoming accommodation for employees of the Works. It served for a time as the managers residence. By 1980 it was still occupied as an office and storeroom by the Department of Mines. By 1984 it was in use as a museum building by the Irvinebank Progress Association. In 1987 R200 (lot 6 on plan HG710) was gazetted as reserve for museum purposes.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Loudoun House is a high-set timber building with enclosed sub-floor and additional kitchen and bedroom areas on the eastern side. It has a westerly aspect from the top of a low spur in Irvinebank, near the ruins of the Assay Office and above the Queensland National Bank Building and the School of Arts. A number of trees surround the building, including mangoes, red cedar, boab, figs and a bunya pine. The Irvinebank to Stannary Hills tramway formation, is evident on the lower side of the property where it has been used as pedestrian access to MacDonald Street below.</p><br>
<p>The original house was a simple gabled roof timber structure with encircling verandahs. Offices were located in the sub-floor and the living spaces were above. Subsequent extensions were made on both floors during Moffat&#39;s residence.</p><br>
<p>The upper level is supported on cypress pine or ironbark stumps. The sub-floor is enclosed with walls of unlined corrugated iron. The floor is tongue and groove red cedar on lower and upper levels inside the building and concrete below the verandah overhangs outside.</p><br>
<p>The upper level has tongue and groove red cedar walls, ceiling and floor; the verandah is not tongue and groove. Studs are exposed on the exterior verandah and back walls. Studs are internal on the north and south sides of the building. The upper section of the house has a central living area, with four rooms at the rear of the building and two rooms on either side of the main living area. An additional room comes off the rear of the building and a stove alcove is on the northern side room.</p><br>
<p>Some of the original furnishings are still present in the house including Moffat&#39;s office desk and table, but most of the furnishings were removed by the Department of Mines in 1967/8.</p><br>
<p>Little remains of the once extensive landscaping apart from the established fig (Ficus sp.), red cedar (Toona ciliata), mangoes (Mangifera sp.), boab (Adansonia gregorii) and bunya pine (Araucaria bidwillii).</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Loudoun House was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Loudoun House at Irvinebank was erected -84 for mining entrepreneur John Moffat who dominated the mining industry of the Cairns hinterland for thirty years (1880s - 1910s). The house is closely associated with the development of the mining industry (in particular tin and copper) in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The use of high blocks to create a second floor at ground level is regarded as an early use.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Its siting in close proximity to both the Loudoun Mill and town of Irvinebank (including the offices of the Queensland National Bank) are regarded as symbolic of Moffats "hands on" approach to his business activities including his relationship with employees and their families and in the case of the Queensland National Bank of its major role in Moffats business affairs.</p><br>
<p>Jom-Bolok, also known as East Sayan Volcanic Field, is a volcanic field in Russia, 200 km west of Lake Baikal. It is part of the Baikal rift zone which is also responsible for volcanism elsewhere around Lake Baikal. The volcanic activity has generated long lava flows and cinder cones. One of the lava flows is 70 km long and has a volume of 7.9 km3.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity in the field commenced during the late Pleistocene in an area that had been previously influenced by glaciers and with even earlier volcanic and tectonic activity. Magma probably formed during deglaciation was erupted during the early Holocene, generating the long lava flow. A much more recent eruption in the southern part of the field may be referenced in Mongolian chronicles.</p><br>
<h2>Geologic context</h2><br>
<p>The Jom-Bolok volcanic field is far removed from the major plate boundaries around Asia but it may be under the influence of the subducting Pacific plate regardless. Other volcanic fields within 1,000 km of Jom-Bolok are the Hangai, Khamar-Daban, Oka, Tuva and Vitim fields. These volcanic fields extend into Mongolia.</p><br>
<p>Like the Udokan plateau, Jom-Bolok is a volcanic field part of the Baikal rift which has been volcanically active during the Holocene. Volcanism there may be the consequence either of passive rifting or mantle plume activity and has been ongoing since the Mesozoic. The basement of this area was heavily folded and altered during the Tertiary, which was also affected by river incision and earlier eruptive activity. During the late Pleistocene, 300 - thick glaciers formed in the Jom-Bolok valley and other adjacent valleys.</p><br>
<h2>Geology</h2><br>
<p>The field contains small cinder cones. Pyroclastic cones in the field include Atkinson, Kropotkin (2,077 m and 52&deg;42&prime;0&Prime;N latitude, 98&deg;59&prime;0&Prime;E longitude), Medvedev, Ostanets Group ("remnants" in Russian), Peretolchin (2,050 m and 52&deg;43&prime;0&Prime;N latitude, 98&deg;58&prime;0&Prime;E longitude), Pertolichina (2,050 m and 52&deg;43&prime;0&Prime;N latitude, 98&deg;58&prime;0&Prime;E longitude), Pogranichniy ("border" in Russian, being located between two other flows), Stariy ("old" in Russian, 2,030 m and 52&deg;36&prime;0&Prime;N latitude, 98&deg;54&prime;0&Prime;E longitude), Treshina ("fissure" in Russian) and Troynoy ("triplet" in Russian, three 10 m high domes). Most of these cones are located within the Hee-Gol valley rather than the Jom-Bolok valley itself. These cones are constructed on top of three different faults.</p><br>
<p>An alkali basalt lava flow erupted during the Holocene has a volume of 7.9 km3 and reached a length of 70 km along Jom-Bolok river, reaching the Oka river in a large fan and damming it. This volume is comparable to the volume of lavas emitted during the 1973 Tolbachik eruption, albeit smaller than the Eldgja and Laki eruptions. This volume is unusual for a volcanic field of this size. This large eruptive volume may be linked to the effects of the ending ice age; the melting of the glaciers and resulting unloading of the crust would have resulted in a pre-existing subcrustal pond of magma to drain in a high volume eruption. The extreme length of the flow was likely also helped by the formation of lava tubes within the flow. The northern lava flow during its formation displayed some excellent thermal insulation, and it propagated by a process named sheet inflation where lava flows form thin sheets that subsequently grow to larger flows with a solid crust.</p><br>
<p>The Kropotkin and Peretolchin cones are the largest ones and grew to heights of 100 m above lava flows, Atkinson cone later formed on Peretolchin&#39;s side but is heavily degraded. The Atkinson cone was probably formed during at least two separate stages, as did the Stariy cone which was destroyed during the early phase of activity and subsequently grew a secondary cone.</p><br>
<p>A shorter, 6 km long lava flow forms the southern lava field, within the upper Kadyr-Os and Khi-Gol valleys. This field with a volume of 0.2 km3 is comparable to some large Hawaiian lava flows such as the 1950 Mauna Loa lava flow. The Medvedev mound is associated with its own lava flow and peculiar lava features named "stony-flowers". This flow has a much smaller volume of 0.00007 km3, covering a surface of 0.03 km&sup2;. The youngest lavas were erupted in the upper Khi-Gol valley from the Oka-Jombolok convergence where it assumes an aa morphology. That they don&#39;t appear in the intervening region may be because it was channeled through older lava tubes beneath the older lava flows.</p><br>
<p>All the lavas at Jom-Bolok are hawaiites and comparable to the close but older Oka and Tuva field lavas. Other fields around the Baikal rift have also hawaiites but are also associated with other volcanic rocks.</p><br>
<h2>Eruption history</h2><br>
<p>Volcanic activity in the field started 13,000 ka ago. The last eruption occurred during the Holocene at Atkinson cone, and has been dated at 5,180 BCE ± 140. Another date attributed to that cone is 7,130 BP ± 140. Stariy cone probably formed during early-postglacial time given the presence of glacial deposits beneath the cone&#39;s ash. This is also the age that has been attributed to the large northern lava flow; the crustal magma pond forming the flow may have formed during lithospheric unloading at the time of the Bolling-Allerod when glaciers in the East Sayan Mountains melted. The age of the Medvedev cone and flow are unknown. The youngest lavas are even more recent in age, 682–779 CE. One hypothesis formulated in 2015 assumes that the Irkut-Oka plateau may be the Ergune-Kun locality referenced in Mongolian chronicles. According to Mongolian chronicles 400 years before the birth of Genghis Khan the Mongols left Ergune-Kun under the lead of a Borte Chino, in coincidence with an event involving fire. The hypothesis suggests that the leaving of the Mongols coincides with the most recent eruption of Jom-Bolok which was witnessed by the Mongols and included in their chronicles.</p><br>
<p>The field probably formed in two stages, the long lava flow formed in the first stage in the Hee-Gol valley directly followed by the Atkinson, Ostanets, Peretolchin and Pogranichniy cones. The southern lava flow was preceded by the Stariy cone forming activity, at the end of the southern flow activity the Kropotkin and Treshina cones formed. Another theory believes the Stariy and Treshina cones formed first in the whole field.</p><br>
<p>Volcanic activity such as at Jom-Bolok can cause the injection of into the atmosphere. When such gas reaches the stratosphere it can cause temperature anomalies named volcanic winters. In the case of the northern field of Jom-Bolok, the total amount of reaching the upper troposphere would be about 50 - if one assumes a similar eruption in style to the Laki eruptions, which however took place at latitudes with a lower stratosphere.</p><br>
<p>The John Moore House is a historic house on Cross Point Road in Edgecomb, Maine. With elements dating to the early 1740s, it is one of the oldest surviving structures in Mid Coast Maine. The connected farmstead includes a barn that was built before 1850. The property was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The John Moore House stands in a rural part of northern Edgecomb, on the east side of Cross Point Road. The house is a connected farmstead, with a 1-3/4 story main block, and an elongated 1-1/2 story ell joining it to a barn. It is finished in wooden clapboards and its parts are covered by gabled roofs. The main block has a central chimney, and its facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance framed by sidelight windows and a cornice above. There are small second-story windows below the roof line. The parlors of the main block retain original period woodwork.</p><br>
<p>The land on which this house stands was granted to John Moore in 1736, and the house is known to have been standing in 1741. It was original a 1-1/2 story Cape, with its roof raised c. 1765 by John Grey, who purchased it from Moore in 1764. In 1850, the ell was built, and the barn was moved from another location to this place and connected to it. In the late 19th century, the house was owned by William Manson Patterson, a ship&#39;s captain.</p><br>
<p>Balrothery Tower is a tower house and a National Monument in Balrothery, Ireland.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Balrothery Tower is found in Balrothery, east of the R132.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>An Anglo-Norman ally of Strongbow, Robert de Rosel, was granted Balrothery in c. 1171 "where he built the town and castle". The name derives from the Irish Baile an Ridire, "the knight&#39;s town." His son Patrick became the parson of the church in Balrothery, and after his death Geoffrey de Costedin donated lands at Balrothery to Tristernagh Abbey, Kilbixy between 1191 and 1212.</p><br>
<h2>Building</h2><br>
<p>Balrothery Tower is a three-storey square plan rubble stone crenellated tower house built c. 1500. It has Trefoil headed openings with limestone surround and square headed openings with brick-dressed openings.</p><br>
<p>In the northwest corner is a turret with spiral stairway.</p><br>
<p>The top storey of the main tower has a two-light window at each face and the east face has a bell-cote. Lower down in the west wall is a two-light window with ogee heads and a square moulding with one mask.</p><br>
<p>The Lot Morrill House is a historic house at 113 Winthrop Street in Augusta, Maine. Built about 1830, it is a fairly typical example of Greek Revival architecture, executed in brick. The house is notable as the home of United States Senator and Governor of Maine Lot Morrill during the period when he was at his height of power. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1974.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Lot Morrill House stands on the north side of Winthrop Street, west of the city&#39;s downtown area and at the northeast corner of Prospect Street. It is a 2-1/2 story brick building, with a front-facing gabled roof. The front facade is four bays wide, with elongated windows on the ground floor, and a fully pedimented gable with deep cornice above. The main entrance is on the left (west) side, sheltered by a wooden porch supported by Doric columns. The entrance is flanked by sidelight windows and topped by wooden panels. The interior retains most of its original Greek Revival woodwork, and has ten distinctive period fireplace mantels. It has been subdivided into apartments.</p><br>
<p>The house was built about 1830; its first documented owner was businessman Mark Nason, in 1838. The house was the home of Lot Morrill and his family from 1845 until his widowed wife&#39;s death in 1918. Morrill was prominent in state politics from 1849, first as a Democrat, but then as a Republican after that party was founded in 1856. He was Governor of Maine from 1858 to 1860, and was elected to the United States Senate in 1861. For two years he served as United States Treasury Secretary under President Ulysses S. Grant. His heirs sold the house in 1919 to John E. Nelson, also a prominent politician.</p><br>
<p>The Bridgewater Woolen Mill, now more commonly just the Bridgewater Mill, is a historic textile mill complex on United States Route 4 in Bridgewater and Woodstock, Vermont. With an textile processing history dating from 1828 to 1975, it was one of the state&#39;s longest-lived textile operations, and was a mainstay of the local economy during that period. It has since been repurposed into a shopping center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Bridgewater Mill complex occupies more than 6 acre on the south side of US 4 near the center of Bridgewater village, which spills over into western Woodstock. It is set on a plateau of the flood plain of the Ottauquechee River, which flows easterly on the south side of the property, and served as the mill&#39;s original power source. The mill consists of nine connected buildings, most of wood and one of brick, and a tall free-standing brick chimney. The central portion of the mill is a three-story wood frame building, with a gabled roof topped by a square cupola with Greek Revival pilasters at its corners.</p><br>
<p>The history of industrial use of this site begins in 1786, when Richard and Isaac Southgate dammed the river and built a sawmill and gristmill. In 1825, Benjamin Southgate, grandson of Richard, built a new dam, and in 1828 built a textile mill. It is unclear whether any of the surviving buildings are from this early period, as there was a fire in 1852 that did substantial damage, suggesting the surviving main building was built in 1853. The mill was a major employer in the town, employing 150 people in a town of 800. In 1909, the mill owners added a hydroelectric generation facility to the dam, providing power for the mill and village homes and businesses. The mill failed due to the Great Depression in the 1930s, but reopened in 1940 after reorganizing. It finally closed its doors in 1975. The property was acquired by a local citizens&#39; group, which transformed the mill into the shopping complex it is today.</p><br>
<p>The Lone Tree School is a historic one-room schoolhouse located at 19292 250 North Avenue in rural Bureau County, Illinois. The school was built in 1876 to serve the community of Lone Tree and surrounding Wheatland Township. It was one of three schools in the township, and served school district #3; the district was established in 1848, but the location of its first school is unknown. It continued to serve the area until 1942, when it closed due to school consolidations in the county; the school outlasted the community it served, as Lone Tree was otherwise abandoned by the 1920s. Though Bureau County once had 236 one-room schoolhouses, Lone Tree School is one of the few which is well-preserved and still at its original location.</p><br>
<p>The school was added to the National Register of Historic Places on May 12, 2004.</p><br>
<p>The Richard M. Skinner House is a historic house located at 627 East Peru Street in Princeton, Illinois. Built in 1878, the house was designed by Princeton architect Joseph Plummer Bryant. Bryants design was largely a Second Empire work but also included Italianate elements. The house has a mansard roof, a characteristic Second Empire feature, with a projecting central pavilion at the front entrance; seven dormers project from the roof. The roofs cornice is bracketed, displaying the design&#39;s Italianate influence. A veranda along the front of the house features detailed moldings along the edge of the roof and a balustrade along the bottom.</p><br>
<p>The house was added to the National Register of Historic Places on February 10, 1983.</p><br>
<p>Irvinebank State Treatment Works is a heritage-listed refinery off Jessie Street, Irvinebank, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1883 to. It is also known as Loudoun Mill. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tin had been discovered in 1882 at Gibbs Camp, 16 km west of Watsonville by a party of Herberton prospectors. The best lode was the Great Southern assaying 60% tin. After persevering for further months without a crushing the miners were eager to sell their properties to capitalists prepared to erect machinery.</p><br>
<p>The Gibbs Creek properties were purchased in October 1883 on behalf of the Glen Smelting Company for £6,000 cash. John Moffat, the major shareholder, was the mining entrepreneur at Herberton, and this purchase consolidated his investments and determined his future influence in North Queensland tin mining.</p><br>
<p>The Glen Smelting Company immediately commenced building smelters at Gibbs Creek which Moffat renamed Irvinebank after his birthplace in Scotland. The site chosen for the mill was on an evenly sloping tongue of land between Gibbs and McDonalds Creeks where a "log crate" or pig sty walled dam was constructed to provide water for the concentrating mill. Moffat purchased a five head battery lying idle at Thompsons Creek, 14 km away and re-erected it above the Irvinebank dam. Kerr believes that it was very likely the first Australian battery using a continuous flow system of concentration. There were six terraces on the hillside. One was fed automatically from the tramway hoppers to the stamps. Between the second and fifth floors were the jiggers and Cornish buddles slowly rotated by a 6 m diameter water wheel. Below were settling tanks and a driver. In February 1989 Moffat built a high-set house (Loudoun House) for himself with an office underneath and a wide front verandah overlooking the dam.</p><br>
<p>The battery and smelter commenced operations in December 1884 and was called the Loudoun mill, after Moffat&#39;s Scottish family. The mill was valued at £12,000 and was managed by George McTavish, who had been a floor manager at the Tent Hill smelters and Stanthorpe. In its first year of operation the Loudoun mill crushed 3,840 tons of ore for a yield of 651 tons of black tin which returned 438 tons of metallic tin after smelting.</p><br>
<p>The development of tin mining on the Atherton Tablelands was controlled by the capacity of the Loudon mill and its crushing charges. Extra five heads of stamps were added in 1886, 1893, 1899 and extra 10 heads in both 1901 and 1904 in conjunction with smelting expansion. Tin separation facilities were improved in 1888, 1893, 1900, 1902 and 1904 to compete with Stannary Hills. By then the value of the mill had risen to £40,000.</p><br>
<p>Moffat gained a reputation for medieval technology and although frue vanners were installed in 1890, he was slow to upgrade machinery. The skyline changed with an extra chimney in 1903 and more in 1905 and 1906. The Krupp ball mill was replaced in 1908 (Kerr, 1992,3). L. C. Ball, Government Geologist, visited the treatment works in 1909 and described the processes. He noted the poor arrangement of the 40 head stamper battery and the high consumption of steam. He also noted that it was "the chief tin-mining centre of Queensland".</p><br>
<p>At its peak this was the largest tin battery and smelter in Australia. It was reached by the narrow gauge Stannary Hills tramway from Boonmoo siding on the Chillagoe Railway. Moffat was involved in many other Tableland mines but the Irvinebank mines were his mainstays even though the Vulcan Mine ore halved in value in 1907. He later developed the nearby Governor Norman mine, which yielded £61,480 worth of tin between 1905 and 1914.</p><br>
<p>Declining assays, falling tin prices and rising overdrafts led to the demise of the Irvinebank Mining Company; the Queensland National Bank forced him to retire as a Director in 1912 in favour of J. S. Reid. The rationalisation program of his mines worsened industrial relations. World War I dispersed the mining population and the collapse of the European market in 1914 forced the closure of the works.</p><br>
<p>Reid liquidated the Irvinebank Mining Company in 1919 and Queensland Premier Edward Theodore who, as a former miner, had formed the Amalgamated Workers Association in Irvinebank, bought the Loudoun Mill, tramway, aerial ropeways and various mines for £22,500 as a State Enterprise on 25 October 1919. Suction gas replaced the ancient steam power plant.</p><br>
<p>In 1929 the works were handed over to the Whitworth Finance and Mining Corporation Limited as a private enterprise. Its failure during the Depression demoralised the local tin industry. The smelters were dismantled and the chimney stacks blown down. As ore supplies dwindled the Loudoun mill was barely a ghost of the Irvinebank Mining Company&#39;s glory.</p><br>
<p>In May 1934, when Charles Edford became manager, the mill was substantially as it was in 1919. With Mines Department support he modernised it in 1935 installing Isbel vanners, a rod mill and additional circuits to extract tin concentrates after each stage of the crushing to reduce tin sliming. In 1951 Diester Overstrom tables were introduced after Alf Hooley, an experienced manager from Kidston and Chillagoe took over. Throughout the 1950s the State Government injected £5,000 per year into the town for electricity, housing and additional milling plant. The stamps were finally abandoned in 1966 and today the mill operates with gyratory crushers, rod and ball mills, vibrating screens and wilfley tables.</p><br>
<p>In 1981 the State Government announced the inevitable - the decision to transfer the treatment works, the last of the State Enterprises established by Premier Theodore. Since July 1983 the works been operated by the Hilla family. The Irvinebank State Treatment Works (Sale and Operation) Act 1990 sets out obligations and responsibilities for continuing operation of the works.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place covers an area along the base of a spur running down to the junction of Gibbs and MacDonald creeks in the centre of Irvinebank township. The area forms a precinct containing a representative range of buildings and structures relating to mineral treatment, railways, residential dwellings and community activities. Structural and archaeological remains exemplify the layout and arrangement of a "state of the art" late 19th century reduction plant showing changes in technology and in the flow of improvement capital.</p><br>
<p>The focal building is the mill, now an electric powered plant based around a rod mill which continues to treat parcels of local ore. Surviving structures associated with the mill include timber ore bins (no longer in use), a primary crusher, early ball mill and blast furnace foundations, boiler house and chimney foundations, a workshop and a carpenters shop.</p><br>
<p>Three significant buildings on the northern edge of the precinct include the School of Arts Hall - a weatherboard building used as a community hall, the former Queensland National Bank - a brick building now used a residence, and Moffatt&#39;s former house and office (Loudoun House) - a group of weatherboard buildings; the house now used as a museum.</p><br>
<p>The railway station and large goods shed remain intact. The railway formation and engine shed foundations are evident. The early smelter works and assay office are now mainly surface archaeological structures following their demolition and subsequent erosion. A pig sty log weir with stone and concrete infill continues to dam Gibbs and MacDonald creeks.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>2 Rod mills</p><br>
<p>2 Wilfley tables</p><br>
<p>Jaw crusher</p><br>
<p>Retort/furnace</p><br>
<p>Frue vanner</p><br>
<p>Four-Cylinder oil engine</p><br>
<p>Lathes and workshop plant</p><br>
<p>Concentrating and drying plant</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Irvinebank State Treatment Works was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Loudoun mill, known as the Irvinebank State Treatment Works from 1912 to 1983, is highly significant in Queensland&#39;s history. Mining entrepreneur John Moffat, based at Irvinebank, created an empire in the Cairns hinterland which exported metals valued at £4 million over 25 years. The mill and treatment works have provided the focus of Irvinebank township and sustained it economically and socially since 1884.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>They are one of the few surviving mining complexes established as State Enterprises by the Ryan/Theodore Labor Government.</p><br>
<p>Such a mill is rare in Australia and in North Queensland where it is only rivalled by the Emuford battery.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The complex of mill buildings and machinery has potential to provide further information about the development of tin concentrating technology and mining and metallurgical engineering in Queensland. Although the stamps and boilers do not remain, some of the ore bins timberwork and tramway formation date from 1884. Remnants of the blast furnace flue, brick chimney base, smelter retaining wall and assay office remain.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The mill illustrates the history of tin mining technology in North Queensland from its inception in 1880 to the present. Plant, machinery parts and foundations remain in the mill and have the potential to interpret the full range of processes and technologies used at the mill during its 110 years.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The mill has a special association with John Moffat, who operated it from 1884 until 1912, as owner and general manager of the Irvinebank Mining Company. He was a regional entrepreneur who controlled and developed North Queensland from 1880 to 1918 by establishing mines, constructing mills, towns, tramways, roads and public buildings.</p><br>
<p>Vulcan Mine is a heritage-listed former mine at Mareeba Mining District, Irvinebank, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Vulcan tin lode at Irvinebank was discovered in September 1888 by a party of Italian woodcutters and miners - Harry Maranta, Alexander Leone, Battista Leone and Giuseppe Lampatta. Several crushings in 1889 assayed 20% tin. The first few years of Vulcan mine development involved competition between claimholders and John Moffat, whom they feared would take over the mine.</p><br>
<p>During Moffat&#39;s absence from Irvinebank, a syndicate of local miners banded together to purchase the Vulcan mine from the Italians for £2,100 and formed a public company, the Vulcan Tin Mining Company Limited, on 13 December 1890 with a capital of £4,400 in £1 shares paid to ten shillings each. This company was the first joint stock company on the Walsh and Tinaroo fields to pay a dividend, in January 1891.</p><br>
<p>In order to continue to control the main mines on the field Moffat infiltrated the Vulcan company through nominees and within seven months he controlled 40% of the company&#39;s shares. Moffat also sought to amalgamate the Vulcan and Irvinebank Mining Companies. This confrontation and the secretiveness about the Loudoun Mill operating costs and the direction of the Vulcan lodes hampered negotiations for a co-operative operation.</p><br>
<p>A third company, the Vulcan Tin Mining Company NL was formed on 29 March 1892 and its capital was increased to £44,000. The mine produced well and was the only mine in the district capable of paying wages in the 1890s.</p><br>
<p>Moffat continued his policy of technical innovation, installing in 1893 a first motion double action winding engine, the first on the Walsh and Tinaroo field. A 40 hp Cornish boiler powered the 16 hp Tangye winding engines with 1.4 metre drums on brick foundations and fitted with two 1.8 metre pully wheels at the base of a 9-metre timber headframe. There were two cages for miners to descend the 92 metre shaft.</p><br>
<p>Moffat&#39;s intervention overcame the operating problems and the Vulcan mine became the staunchest pillar of his empire. Over the next 15 years the Vulcan yielded 9,000 tons of black tin worth £377,362 and paid dividends totalling £162,030.</p><br>
<p>A feature of the workings was their depth. By 1903, the Vulcan was being described as one of the deepest mines in the southern hemisphere, as well as being called "the premier lode tin mine of Queensland". In 1905 the shaft was over 305 metre in depth and the winding engine could not pull up the ore from the deepest level, so a new engine was ordered from Walker&#39;s foundry in Maryborough. It was a first motion winding engine of a nominal 100 hp, capable of winding ore from 610 metres.</p><br>
<p>The wooden headframe was replaced by a steel headframe 18.3 metre high between 1903 and 1912, according to photographic evidence.</p><br>
<p>During 1907 the ore from the seemingly inexhaustible Vulcan mine almost halved in assay value coupled with strikes and falling tin prices, the prospects of the Vulcan company dimmed and dissension among managers and miners was rife. Moffat maintained an aloof stance. Because it paid out so much of its profits in dividends, the Vulcan company was considered as a small mans company in which the local working miner could own a small parcel of shares and participate in North Queenslands mining wealth. Unfortunately for Irvinebank miners the output of the Vulcan mine fell in the period from 1905 to the outbreak of World War I from an average assay of 10.2% to 4% and the value of tin output dropped from £61,618 to £12,805, an alarming drop due both to declining tin prices and to poorer ore at the 366 metre level.</p><br>
<p>The 1907 and 1908 strikes seriously affected the value of the Vulcan ore in relation to its chief competitor on the field, the Stannary Hills Company operating the nearby Rocky Bluff battery. But because of Moffat&#39;s established monopoly of the field, the Vulcan company was able to continue production whereas the Stannary Hills company was forced to close the Rocky Bluff battery after 1909 and rail its ore to Irvinebank.</p><br>
<p>In 1913 an aerial tramway was installed from the mine to the Loudoun mill. Improved facilities for travelling between the surface and the working faces were installed in 1915 when the mine was down 445 metres. Production improved by 1918 to 934 tons of tin ore for a return of 26.5 tons of concentrates valued at £4,350 but no dividends were paid for the third year running.</p><br>
<p>Fresh chimney stacks replaced the corroded ones at the mine in 1921. The Whitworth Finance and Mining Corporation Limited employed over a dozen men renovating the surface plant at the Vulcan in early May 1929 prior to commencing dewatering operations. This included the placing of a new collar set in position above the shaft.</p><br>
<p>This implies that the mine had not operated for some years previously. The Whitworth Corporation failed and presumably the mine closed from the early 1930s.</p><br>
<p>North Broken Hill Limited applied for 60ha lease over the old Vulcan workings in 1947, but in 1981 Don Walker of Herberton purchased the mine which is not operational but it has become a local tourist site.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Vulcan tin mine, 1904</p><br>
<p>The mine and machinery foundations are situated on a narrow bench excavated into a steep hillside at the head of a gully running down to Gibbs Creek. The dominant structure is an steel headframe over the Vulcan shaft. Brickwork footings of the former boiler house and chimney are located immediately south of the headframe. Alongside are stone and brick foundations for a pump and air compressor. Immediately south again are large concrete foundations for a winding engine containing a relief inscription reading - Vulcan T M Co. 1906. Nearby are further boiler foundations connecting with the remains of a brick flue</p><br>
<p>A beehive brick below-ground tank is constructed into the hill above the headframe. Near the base of the tank is an adit which continues through the hill to connect with an open stope. The Tornado Mine winding and pump engine foundations are located on the hillside above and to north of the Vulcan.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes the steel headframe (base plate inscribed) - Engineering Supply Co of Aust Ltd Brisbane.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Vulcan Mine was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Vulcan mine and its headframe is significant in Queensland&#39;s history for its development as a local shareholders mine which supplied ore to the main battery, the Loudoun mill, in Irvinebank. It was the most productive tin mine in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>This steel headframe is one of very few dating from before World War I and still standing on its original site. A beehive brick covered underground water tank above the mine is now rare in the North Queensland context.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>It is Australia&#39;s deepest tin mine (at 464 metres) and has one of the largest headframes still remaining.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>Early development of the mine was associated with Italian miners. There were major strikes in the Vulcan and nearby mines in 1907 which were catalysts of change in Irvinebank mine management practices. The place has some importance in the history of the Labor movement.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The mine is also associated with William McCormack and Edward Theodore, later Queensland Premier and Queensland and Australian Treasurer, who came to Irvinebank as an underground miner in the Vulcan mine and established the Amalgamated Workers Association (later amalgamating with the Australian Workers Union).</p><br>
<p>Irvinebank School of Arts Hall is a heritage-listed school of arts at McDonald Street, Irvinebank, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1900. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 May 1995.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Irvinebank School of Arts Hall was constructed in about 1900, as the third building of the Irvinebank School of Arts Committee. The building reflects the growth of Irvinebank during a period of its prosperity as a base metal mining district.</p><br>
<p>In 1880 the Great Northern tin lode was discovered in the Herberton area and prominent businessman, John Moffat, and his company, the Glen Smelting Company, soon secured a monopoly over mining and reduction works in the area. Moffat arrived in Queensland from Scotland in 1862, where he soon opened his own business, from which grew his empire. Whilst Moffat was overseas in 1883, his partner, George Young, bought mines in what was then Gibbs Camp, in the Herberton district. Gibbs Camp was renamed Irvinebank after Moffat&#39;s birthplace in Scotland, and the Loudoun Mill, comprising a five headed crushing battery and tin smelter, was opened there on December 10, 1884. Moffat envisaged Irvinebank as a major industrial region of the Atherton Tablelands, and established both his business interests and his home (Loudoun House) in the town.</p><br>
<p>A School of Arts Committee was established in Irvinebank by March 1885, at which time a subscribed sum of £100, along with a subsidy, was used to construct a building. This first building, which no longer stands, was opened by July 1885.</p><br>
<p>Schools of Arts were popular institutions in many Queensland towns, the first School of Arts was established in 1849 in Brisbane. They were based on an English model, which provided opportunities for the education of wider sections of the community; this being a popular nineteenth century social concern. Typically, in Queensland, the schools were set up by the local community who received a government subsidy. The building usually provided a reading room, subscription library and a public hall for lectures and debating. Upon its opening in 1885, the Irvinebank School of Arts was well patronised "...(with) sound judgement...been displayed...in expending a good portion of the funds on books, papers and leading weekly journals...instead of putting too much into the building".</p><br>
<p>Irvinebank experienced rapid development during the late 1880s and 1890s, when tin mining was successful, particularly after the opening of the Vulcan Tin Mine in 1889, subsequently purchased by Moffat, which became one of the most successful tin mines in the district. Irvinebank was further boosted after 1894 when low silver prices lead to adjacent towns, such as Montalbion, experiencing severe downturns.</p><br>
<p>This prosperity at Irvinebank is reflected in the various Schools of Arts buildings that were built as previous buildings became inadequate. In 1890 there is evidence of the renovation of the first building that was vacated for a larger and more substantial second School of Arts building. This may have been constructed adjacent to where the Queensland National Bank would be built and across the street from where the third School of Arts building would stand. This second building was a simple rectangular timber building, with exposed stud framing and gabled roof.</p><br>
<p>In 1900 a third building was required, and a School of Arts Hall was planned, with a proposal drawn in September 1900 by an unknown author with initials H.H.P., possibly Henry Pope, an architect who was doing work in North Queensland at the time. The new building was planned with a large hall that the previous buildings lacked. Visiting vaudeville and dramatic companies were now able to frequent the town, as provision was made in the new building for stage accommodation. Alterations were carried out to the School of Arts Hall in 1912, enclosing the projecting entrance bay and altering the stage which was to be one of the largest in the north "...(to) suit the largest company which comes around".</p><br>
<p>However, Irvinebank continued in prosperity only until the First World War, when the metal markets fell. John Moffat had retired to Sydney in 1912, and the Irvinebank smelters were sold to the Queensland Government in 1918, since when the town has steadily declined. The School of Arts Hall continues as a community hall and focal point of Irvinebank activities, to this day.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Irvinebank School of Arts Hall is a one storeyed timber building, located on a prominent intersection in the Northern Queensland town of Irvinebank. Close to the School of Arts Hall are the Queensland National Bank and John Moffat&#39;s House, both of which are culturally significant elements of the townscape. The Hall is surrounded by established trees including several figs.</p><br>
<p>The building which is raised from the ground on round timber stumps, has a rectangular plan and a corrugated iron gabled roof. The timber-framed building has exposed timber studwork, with horizontal timber lining in some sections which are protected by verandahs. The symmetrically composed north-eastern facade features three projecting gabled bays, enclosed with weatherboards, with simple decorative barge boards, finials and vertical sash windows. These bays emphasise the central entrance and two end corners of this facade. Between the projecting elements is a bull-nosed verandah with diagonally crossed balustrading. The principal entrance, through the projecting central bay, is accessed via a straight timber stair from the east. High level openings, above the verandah awning, provide light and ventilation to the internal hall as do round openings on the gables of the north-eastern and south-western facades.</p><br>
<p>Internally, the building features a large hall with stage and semi-enclosed verandah spaces running along the two long sides. The hall is fully lined with unpainted red cedar timber boards, on the floor, walls and partially raked ceiling. A timber arch, featuring moulded and reeded sections, forms the proscenium over the elevated stage, which is lined with diagonal timber boarding as are some of the doors.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Irvinebank School of Arts Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 May 1995 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Irvinebank School of Arts Hall provides evidence of the growth and prosperity of Irvinebank, as a result of the successful base metal mining industry, encouraged by the prominent Queensland businessman, John Moffat.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The building is on a prominent site in Irvinebank, and is an integral part of a precinct including the Queensland National Bank and Moffat&#39;s house. The Irvinebank School of Arts is a landmark in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The Irvinebank School of Arts Hall has been continuously used as a school of arts hall since its construction in about 1900. As the only public hall in Irvinebank, the building has been the focal point of social life in the town.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The building has associations with Moffat who reputedly financed its construction.</p><br>
<p>The School of Arts Hall provides intact evidence of the workings of a school of arts, a common institution of many Queensland towns in the nineteenth century.</p><br>
<p>Stannary Hills Tramways are a heritage-listed pair of tramways at Irvinebank, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1901 to 1907. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 February 2005.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Boonmoo-to-Stannary Hills and Stannary Hills-to-Irvinebank tramway formations represent two private tramways constructed between 1901 and 1907 that provided transport for the tin mining fields west of the Atherton Tablelands in north Queensland from their construction until 1936. The tramlines are on a 2-foot gauge, distinct from the standard 3 foot 6 inch gauge used on the Queensland government railway of the time. Sleepers and bridge spans were constructed from local timber such as cypress pine, bloodwood and spotted gum. The Boonmoo-to-Stannary Hills section was also known as Dixon&#39;s tramway, named after the engineer responsible for the construction of the first tramway.</p><br>
<p>James Venture Mulligan reported the first tin deposits to the west of Atherton Tablelands in June 1875. Four years later a group of prospectors found tin in the Wild River and pegged the Great Northern Mine. Further tin lodes were found and in 1881 the Great Western Mine opened, followed by Eureka Creek in 1882 and Gibbs Creek in 1883. Prior to the construction of the tramways Cobb and Co provided the only reliable form of transport between the tin mining area west of the Atherton Tableland and the coastal ports of Port Douglas and Cairns. In 1884 the Queensland Government chose Cairns as the coastal terminus for the Tablelands railway to Mareeba across the Great Dividing Range, although the line was not built until 1893. Copper deposits were discovered at Chillagoe/Mungana in 1888 creating renewed calls for increased transport between the coastal ports and the mining areas west of the Atherton Tablelands.</p><br>
<p>The construction of the 3 foot 6 inch Cairns to Mungana railway by the Queensland Government in 1893 sparked interest in the Herberton area from a group of Adelaide based mining entrepreneurs. North Queensland Tin Mining Corporation was registered on 20 September 1899 with WH Phillips as Chairman and S Dixon as Queensland Director. It had capital of £20 000 in £100 shares. The company was particularly interested in the Eureka Creek mines, which had been abandoned by tin workers in the early 1890s due to high transport costs. By October 1900 the company controlled a range of assets including 500 acres of mining leases, 320 acres of freehold, tramway leases, water rights and battery sites at Nigger Creek and Rocky Bluff. The closest siding on the government railway to the Eureka Creek tin fields was Boonmoo, also known as the 35 Mile, at.</p><br>
<p>In 1901 North Queensland Tin Mining Corporation was floated to raise the capital to construct the Boonmoo to Stannary Hills tramway. Properties and fixed assets to the Stannary Hills Mines and Tramway Company Limited, an Adelaide-based company with a nominated capital of £650,000. The company was the first to take advantage of the 1900 Amendments to the Mining Act of 1898 which introduced provisions for tramways to carry goods and passengers in addition to mineral traffic, to attract investment in Queensland mining operations. C.T. Stephens was appointed to survey the line and supervise construction of the tramway by Dixon in 1901.</p><br>
<p>The original line was surveyed from Boonmoo along Eureka Creek to Stannary Hills and terminating at Watsonville. Work began at Boonmoo in early 1901 and reached Stannary Hills in 1902. For several miles construction work offered no major difficulties, but within 4 or 5 miles of Stannary Hills the ranges had to be surmounted, which necessitated cutting around the hills to enable a reasonable grade for the line. After the Boonmoo to Stannary Hills line opened in May 1902, instead of proceeding to Watsonville, it was extended 11 km to Rocky Bluff, a battery site on the Walsh River where minerals from the Eureka Creek tin deposits could be processed.</p><br>
<p>A modern 33 head stamper battery, capable of crushing 100 tons a day, was installed at Rocky Bluff immediately on completion of the line. The battery was known as "Shaking Moses" and was formally opened in May 1903. The tramline finished at the top of a steep incline above the battery. All firewood for the boilers and ore for treatment at the battery were lowered down the inclined tramway with two tracks for a distance of about 600 ft. Brake control on the trucks was exercised from a platform at the top of the inclined tramway.</p><br>
<p>Passenger fares were 3 shillings sixpence each way from Stannary Hills to Rocky Bluff and passengers travelled "at their own risk". There were no stations, passengers simply hailed the tram to board it.</p><br>
<p>Mining entrepreneur of north Queensland, John Moffat, had a strong interest in the transport developments at Stannary Hills. With the commissioning of his second tin smelter, Loudoun Mill at Irvinebank (later to become the Irvinebank State Treatment Works), in the latter part of 1904, it became clear that improved transport was necessary, for firewood, tin from the outer areas and for transporting ores. Firewood was particularly important, as the Loudoun Mill consumed in excess of 100 tonnes a day in its peak and supplies from Irvinebank were dwindling. Moffat decided to build the Stannary Hills-to-Irvinebank tramway, to connect with the Stannary Hills-to-Boonmoo line.</p><br>
<p>Construction work on The Junction to Irvinebank section started in August 1906. About 150 men were employed on the construction work, with one gang working on cuttings and general formations, one gang on platelaying and one gang on bridge construction. Construction workers were paid 8 shillings per day, while gangers were paid 10 shillings per day.</p><br>
<p>By 1907 Herberton and Irvinebank were the centre of Queenslands base metal industry with major smelters and batteries producing nearly three-quarters of Queenslands tin production. The construction of a tramway from Irvinebank to Stannary Hills had the potential to link Moffat&#39;s tin mining empire by rail to the newly discovered coal supplies at Mount Mulligan, the port of Cairns, Brisbane, and on to Sydney, Melbourne and eventually Adelaide.</p><br>
<p>Early in 1907 the rails had extended almost all the way into Irvinebank. A siding and goods shed known as Close-up was established just below the overflow of the Ibis Dam at Loudoun Mill. This remained the goods shed until the tramway station at the Loudoun Mill was completed. The first load of firewood was delivered to Loudoun Mill by tramway on 28 March 1907. John Moffat&#39;s company began transporting goods on behalf of the public from June 1907.</p><br>
<p>The official opening of the tramway was a festive occasion. It took the form of a grand picnic, hosted by John and Margaret Moffat at the "All-but" near Fireclay Gully on the west of town on 29 June 1907. Several trams conveyed the 1500 guests to the specially cleared site. Businesses closed for the day and all of Irvinebank was there. Entertainment included sports, dancing, barrel mule and steam merry-go-round.</p><br>
<p>After its construction, the Stannary Hills to Irvinebank tramway served for two decades as the most reliable form of transport to and from Stannary Hills, Rocky Bluff and Irvinebank. A long procession of politicians, journalists, promoters, company directors and Governor William MacGregor himself came this way to visit John Moffat and the Loudoun Mill. The passenger carriage was attached to the goods wagon loaded with coke and town and mill supplies and hauled by wood burning locomotives. The twenty-one mile trip took four hours and all travel was at the passengers own risk.</p><br>
<p>In the first year 61,782 tonnes of freight and 8,696 passengers were transported between Irvinebank and Boonmoo. Passenger fares were 4 shillings return from Irvinebank to Stannary Hills, compared to 2 shillings for the same distance, from Boonmoo to Stannary Hills on the Rocky Bluff line. A 2 shillings and sixpence surcharge was charged for public freight on the Irvinebank line and the first class freight rate was 40% higher than the Government and Stannary Hills Tramway rates.</p><br>
<p>While the Stannary Hills to Irvinebank tramway was principally used for transporting ore, metal, fuel and general supplies, it also offered an enormous social benefit to those employed in the tin industry west of the Atherton Tablelands. A number of social outings relied on the transport of the tramway, such as employees picnics and other special events. The tramways also carried goods such as kerosene, ice, fruit and vegetables, beer and mail.</p><br>
<p>John Moffat retired from managing the Irvinebank mining industry in February 1912 aged 72. One time General Manager of Stannary Hills Mine and Tramway Company, JH Reid, took over as manager of Irvinebank Mining Company Ltd and continued operations on a restricted scale. The First World War further accentuated the decline in the Irvinebank tin fields. The whole of the mining, milling and smelter works were sold to the Queensland Government in 1919 for the total sum of £22,500.</p><br>
<p>Loudoun Mill was reopened as the Irvinebank State Treatment Works in October 1919. Operations were continued until December 1920. The tramway service from Boonmoo to Irvinebank came under the control of the State Treatment Works. In 1922 the Queensland Government purchased the Stannary Hills to Rocky Bluff line from John Darling and Company, who had previously purchased the tramway from Stannary Hills Mine and Tramway Company. Locomotives and stock were then moved to Irvinebank and pooled with the Irvinebank tramway engines and stock. The Junction to Stannary Hills line was dismantled in 1926.</p><br>
<p>After several unsuccessful attempts had been made to revive the mining industry in the district, tramway operations ceased permanently at the end of 1936. In 1938 the locomotive "Old John" was sold to the Marian Sugar Mills. During the Second World War the government disposed of all recoverable materials from the mines. The rails were taken up and sold to cane and mining tramways in the state. Some ironwork was purchased by Douglas Shire Council for the Port Douglas tramway, which was eventually incorporated into, and is still used by, the Mossman Mill.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The formations are evidence of two tramways that operated between Irvinebank and Boonmoo for approximately 29 kilometres in the tin mining fields west of the Atherton Tablelands. One formation is evident from Boonmoo to Rocky Bluff via Stannary Hills and the second tramway from The Junction to Irvinebank. The tramways ran on a two-foot gauge, distinct from the state railway system which operated on a 3-foot 6 inch gauge.</p><br>
<p>The tramway alignment is traceable from Boonmoo siding but the evidence at this end is now minimal. The heritage register boundary starts at -17.25991&deg; latitude, 145.10478&deg; longitude where the formation now forms part of a station access road. The formation heads south-east along Eureka Creek. The formation is partly excavated into the sides of Eureka Creek valley. The formation is raised over some areas of solid rock by means of stone retaining walls containing earth fill. Ruins of bridges, minor earthworks and cuttings can be seen between Boonmoo and the 6 Mile (6 miles from Boonmoo). A large quantity of broken bricks mark the site of the former brick factory beside the tramway formation at 10 Mile (-17.30605&deg; latitude, 145.17661&deg; longitude).</p><br>
<p>A number of ore bins can be seen on or near the formation, with markings "Arthur Berlin" at -17.30863&deg; latitude, 145.17891&deg; longitude. Near the ore bin site, the tramway formation turns sharply into the west bank of Bocks Creek, a tributary of Eureka Creek, travels upstream along this creek and then comes back into Eureka Creek on the east side of Bocks Creek. Eureka Creek Gorge is between Bock&#39;s Creek and Stannary Hills.</p><br>
<p>Two old mango trees, about 25 metres away from the formation, mark the tramway station site at Stannary Hills (-17.31285&deg; latitude, 145.21458&deg; longitude and -17.31285&deg; latitude, 145.21458&deg; longitude). Some glass and metal fragments are evident here, and there are some remains of the Stannary Hills station building, most notably remnants of the loco service pit.</p><br>
<p>A concrete weir is constructed in Eureka Creek at Stannary Hills; this is included in the heritage entry. Remains of a corrugated iron water tank can be seen on the formation above the weir (-17.31367&deg; latitude, 145.21448&deg; longitude). The formation is clearly visible at Stannary Hills excepting a 10-metre section where the formation rounds a bend between the mango trees and the weir and appears to have been disturbed by recent mining activities.</p><br>
<p>From Stannary Hills to the Black Bridge site (-17.31528&deg; latitude, 145.22139&deg; longitude) the formation is benched into the side of a steep slope into Eureka Creek. Concrete blocks and the base of timber stumps are all that remains of this bridge, the largest on the Stannary Hills to Irvinebank section. The Bradman inscription (Bradman 320) is inscribed on one of the concrete blocks here, although it was not located at the time the formation was inspected.</p><br>
<p>The tramway diverges at the Junction on the bank of Eureka Creek adjacent to a station track (-17.31304&deg; latitude, 145.23055&deg; longitude). Cuttings can be seen on both sides of the creek and both sides of the station track. There is no evidence of the bridge that once took the tramway across Eureka Creek from the Junction towards Rocky Bluff. The formation of the Rocky Bluff line is evident from the Junction to a point at 17.31304S 145.23055E. From here the formation has been disturbed by recent mining activities. The Rocky Bluff line crosses Loloma Dam (the section crossing Loloma Dam does not form part of the heritage listing) and into Lot 612 OL72 where the formation and terminus at Rocky Bluff becomes part of the Rocky Bluff heritage listing.</p><br>
<p>The Irvinebank line turns south from the Junction and can be clearly traced to a point at -17.31159&deg; latitude, 145.23102&deg; longitude where it has been disturbed by mining activities The formation again becomes visible at -17.31564&deg; latitude, 145.23133&deg; longitude to -17.3246&deg; latitude, 145.23143&deg; longitude. Further mining disturbance has heavily impacted the formation from here to -17.33427&deg; latitude, 145.22602&deg; longitude. The formation is clear from this point to Yorkies Cutting, at the boundary between Boonmoo and Montalbion Stations.</p><br>
<p>Yorkies Cutting is located at -17.34205&deg; latitude, 145.23102&deg; longitude. It is a distinctive landmark about 5 metres deep and 20 metres long consisting of a cutting into rocky ground. From here the formation is visible for another few hundred metres, in some places the metal railway spikes show where the formation once lay on flat sandy ground. The formation is not evident for approximately 200 metres through a sandy area of melaleuca sp. but can be seen again as it approaches Hales Siding.</p><br>
<p>Hales Siding consists of a small curved section of tramway formation north of the Herberton-Petford Road. This section is apparently part of some sort of spur line that went from the main line into Hales Siding. The area to the north of the road consists of a flattened, disturbed area marked by distinct signs of several layers of settlement over a large area. These include a concrete floor with machine foundations and two posts (possibly from a roof or shed over machinery), at least three mature common mango trees, two smaller Bowen mango trees, one small citrus tree, a number of small pine trees, a jacaranda and a frangipani. A vertical excavation into rock could mark an engine watering pit, a well or a mineshaft. While there are areas of disturbance, there is evidence of the tramway spur line.</p><br>
<p>The tramway formation meets the northern side of the Herberton-Petford Road at 17&deg; latitude, 21.8&deg; longitude. The line reappears on the opposite side of the road at17&deg; latitude, 21.803&deg; longitude. At this latter point there are small scatters of coal, slag and glass bottle fragments and the tramway is visible though indistinct. There is evidence of the spur line to a point of major disturbance at 17&deg; latitude, 21.675&deg; longitude about 25 metres from the Stannary Hills Road junction. Some of these sections are indistinct and there are signs of possible disturbance but no old tracks. Other sections are very clear and include raised areas, shallow cuttings, a stone formation and a fallen telegraph pole with wire and insulator fragments.</p><br>
<p>From the Stannary Hills Road junction, the tramway formation follows the Herberton-Petford Road in a south-westerly direction. About 300 metres from the junction it meets a track heading approximately south-east, which creates an area of disturbance 8 metres wide. On either side of the track the tramway formations are broken from 17&deg; latitude, 21.786&deg; longitudeto 17&deg; latitude, 21.784&deg; longitude. On the tramway formation to the south-west of the disturbance there are the remains of a bridge over a creek at 17&deg; latitude, 21.828&deg; longitude and a small creek crossing with reinforcing rods near a cutting.</p><br>
<p>From the track, the tramway formation follows the Herberton-Petford Road until it meets another track about 600 metres from the Stannary Hills Road junction. This also heads approximately south-east. It creates an area of disturbance approximately 13 metres wide. On either side of the track tramway formations are broken from 17&deg; latitude, 21.920&deg; longitude to 17&deg; latitude, 21.919&deg; longitude.</p><br>
<p>From here, the tramway formation runs fairly close to the Herberton-Petford Road and is frequently visible, particularly for about a kilometer in the vicinity of Weinart Siding. There is stone pitching near to the road at 17&deg; latitude, 22.358&deg; longitude. The base of a telegraph pole, broken insulators and a metal bracket for holding insulators were found nearby, between the tramway formation and the road. Small metal scatters, including rail spikes, were also found on or next to the tramway formation in this area.</p><br>
<p>The area south of Weinart Siding has suffered considerable disturbance. A fence and a firebreak intersect the tramway formation and a new track or firebreak runs along the fence. The disturbed area runs from the northerly side of the track/fire break along a fence (17&deg; latitude, 22.496&deg; longitude) to 17&deg; latitude, 22.539&deg; longitude on the south side. The disturbance extends to the Herberton-Petford Road.</p><br>
<p>From the disturbance south of Weinart Siding to Victoria Siding, the tramway heads more or less south and is no longer close to the Herberton-Petford Road. North of Chinaman Creek, mining and grazing activities have caused considerable disturbance between southern point 17&deg; latitude, 23.653&deg; longitude and northern point 17&deg; latitude, 23.504&deg; longitude. There is a section of tramway formation visible between these points but part of it serves as a bank on the Mont Albion Station dam.</p><br>
<p>The tramway formation from Chinaman Creek to Victoria Siding (on the Irvinebank-Petford Road) is clear and in good condition and there are many scatters and tramway remains. Among these is a creek crossing with a wooden pole and fine stone work at 17&deg; latitude, 24.042&deg; longitude. There is also a standing telegraph pole at 17&deg; latitude, 23.912&deg; longitude; another is nearby. Close to the first pole is a partly exposed 2-3" pipeline. There is another railway sleeper with two spikes at 17&deg; latitude, 23.885&deg; longitude and one with four spikes at 17&deg; latitude, 23.859&deg; longitude. At this point there is a crossing with stone work.</p><br>
<p>The tramway formations meet the Hereberton-Petford Road again at Victoria Siding. The heritage boundary ends at a deep rock cutting at Games Flat which is marked by a mature mango and other exotic trees.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Stannary Hills Tramways were listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 25 February 2005 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Irvinebank and Stannary Hills tramway formations, constructed between 1901-1907 are significant in Queensland&#39;s history for the role they played in the development of the north Queensland tin fields.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The formation demonstrates an uncommon aspect of Queensland&#39;s cultural heritage as a track with a gauge of 2 foot, constructed specifically for the mining industry for private freight and passengers, and being of private construction.</p><br>
<p>The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Archaeological remains such as discarded mining equipment, bottle dumps, locally made bricks and bridge span constructions associated with the tramway formation have the potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of Queensland&#39;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons.</p><br>
<p>The tramway formations have a special and continued association with the tin mining community of north Queensland and a special association with the life or work of John Moffat.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The tramway formations have a special and continued association with the tin mining community of north Queensland and a special association with the life or work of John Moffat. Moffat was important in Queensland&#39;s history as a regional entrepreneur who controlled mineral developments in North Queensland from 1880 to 1912. Moffat built the Irvinebank to Stannary Hills tramway between 1906-1907, and owned and operated the Irvinebank to Stannary Hills tramway privately from 1906 to 1912.</p><br>
<p>Kingsborough Battery is a heritage-listed mining building off the former East Street , Kingsborough, Thornborough, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to 1990s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Kingsborough Battery is located around 30 kilometres west of the town of Dimbulah within the former Kingsborough township in an area once known as the Hodgkinson goldfield. It was reconstructed from salvaged parts in the 1990s for processing minerals, although reprocessing at the site did not eventuate. The plant is composed of a five-head stamper, concrete foundations, boiler, earth ramp, corrugated iron shed and brick chimney.</p><br>
<p>The Hodgkinson Goldfield was proclaimed on 15 June 1876, after the first discoveries of gold on the Hodgkinson River by James Venture Mulligan in February that year. Although the Hodgkinson was geologically similar to the great alluvial gold field to the north, the Palmer, it was predominantly a reefing field and did not prove to have the same attraction for small miners due to a lack of alluvial finds. The major mines were in the vicinity of the now abandoned townships of Kingsborough, Thornborough and Northcote. It was a neglected field through lack of capital, and although there was an optimistic outlook until the first decade of the twentieth century, it was clear by 1908 that its small yield no longer justified separate goldfield administration and accordingly, in 1909 it was incorporated into the Chillagoe Gold and Mineral field.</p><br>
<p>When Queensland Government administration first arrived on the Hodgkinson on 19 April 1876 over 2,000 men were working on the field, mainly alluvial miners from the Palmer goldfield. Many of the men were disappointed in the lack of alluvial gold on the Hodgkinson and soon returned to towns such as Byerstown on the Palmer goldfield. As a result of the government administration visit, miners on the Palmer were warned through posters on the Hodgkinson track that the new find was a total failure and not to travel to the newly established goldfield.</p><br>
<p>However the Hodgkinson proved to be a valuable reefing field, and it was estimated that over 100,000 ounces of gold was produced from gravel and reef from the Hodgkinson up to 1877, over 44,000 ounces in 1878 and declining until 1891, when only 655 ounces were produced. There was subsequent rising production to 4,853 ounces in 1901. Crushing equipment was brought to the field from the Palmer and Etheridge and established at Tyrconnel Creek, Watsonville (also known as Woodsville), Beaconsfield, Kingston (later Kingsborough) and Thornborough. In total, 8 machines were operating on the Hodgkinson and within a year of its discovery settlements were located close to the major reefs, with Kingston and Thornborough the major settlements on the field.</p><br>
<p>By mid 1877 Kingston (later Kingsborough) had a population of 1,100, with 8 general stores, 2 butchers, and 12 public houses. There was a lemonade factory, chemist, baker, auctioneer, assayer, blacksmith, newsagents, and brickworks as well as the Vulcan crushing battery. A small dam was built across the Caledonia Creek to ensure water supplies for the steam-powered crushing machinery. The town was surveyed on 1 May 1880. By 1886 the population of Kingsborough had declined to 50 (by 1901 the Mining Warden estimated the entire population of the Hodgkinson Goldfield to be 960). The Vulcan battery was purchased by the Tyrconnel Gold Mining Company in 1884 and relocated to Sam the Roman&#39;s camp in 1895.</p><br>
<p>In 1896 new finds in the Kingsborough district led to the erection of the Reconstruction battery (also known as Rowan battery, named after the family that re-erected the crusher) and a cyanide plant. Reconstruction battery had formerly been known as the Good Hope battery prior to its relocation from Limestone. The major focus of the renewed interest in the Hodgkinson was General Grant Mine, a surface plant with a deep shaft that was sunk to 735 feet over the next few years.</p><br>
<p>In August 1901 the Reconstruction battery had to suspend operations for 4 months due to the lack of water caused by the drought and because of a leak in an old boiler which had to be replaced. The principal mines in the area, including the General Grant, had to lay off men and undertake development work rather than supplying ore for crushing.</p><br>
<p>By 1904, over half the population of the Hodgkinson were working in the wolfram industry at Wolfram Camp. Irvinebank Mining Company bought into most of the wolfram mines in 1907 and subsequently developed the Mount Mulligan coal mine. In 1914 the Irvinebank Mining Company constructed a rail line from Mount Mulligan to connect to the Cairns-Dimbulah railway.</p><br>
<p>It is presumed that the Reconstruction battery had ceased operating by about 1908 when goldmining of the Hodgkinson had faded. Photographic evidence published in Kirkman essay "Mining on the Hodgkinson" in Readings in North Queensland Mining History (Vol 2 pp187) shows the Reconstruction battery had totally collapsed by 1979, only the brick chimney was still standing. Local knowledge indicates that any useful material such as corrugated iron was moved to Thornborough in the late 1970s and the site was totally abandoned in 1980.</p><br>
<p>The current caretaker of the site describes reconstructing the battery for use as a crusher in the early 1990s after an episode of vandalism left it in pieces. Reconstruction involved building an earth ramp and timber retaining wall, welding together pieces of the 5 head stamper battery that were found laying in pieces, bringing a jaw crusher from Mount Garnet and re-erecting the steam boiler. A corrugated iron shed was constructed over the battery. Crushing at the newly erected battery did not eventuate and the caretaker of the property currently uses the site as a storage area for machinery and other spare parts.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kingsborough township is located about 30 km north of Dimbulah township with access through Thornborough township off the Dimbulah - Mount Mulligan road. The place is now abandoned save for one resident who lives in a concrete cavity brick house near the battery. The battery is located within the garden of a fenced allotment near the house on Caledonia Creek.</p><br>
<p>The place consists of a 5 head stamp battery, boiler, engine, jaw crusher, brick double chimney, corrugated iron tanks and earth ramp, some of which are covered by a corrugated iron roof with timber uprights. The stamper sits on a timber and earth wall and is marked Langlands Foundry Co. Ltd Melbourne 1882&#39;. A belt connects the stamper to the flywheel which is attached to an engine sitting on concrete blocks beneath under the shed roof. The boiler sits off the ground on concrete stands immediately on the south-east of the shed and is marked "Gold Medal Paris 1876". The shed has been constructed from salvaged pieces of corrugated iron and bush timbers and is partially enclosed. There is evidence of termite activity inside the shed and the floor of the shed is concrete.</p><br>
<p>An earth ramp with a low incline leading to the stamper is on the north-east side of the shed. A jaw crusher sits at the head of the ramp adjacent to the stamper. The timber hopper has completely collapsed.</p><br>
<p>There is a double brick chimney on the western side of the battery shed that is no longer part of the operation of the battery. Four corrugated iron tanks sit about 5 metres to the north-east of the battery shed.</p><br>
<p>The surrounding landscape is dry sclerophyll, with some vegetable and flower gardens associated with the nearby masonry house located close to the battery. Neither the plantings nor the masonry house form part of the heritage significance of the place.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Kingsborough Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&#39;s history, particularly the development and decline of north Queensland mining and the re-use of available equipment for subsequent mining operations in remote areas.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It contains the principal characteristics of reef gold processing sites, being a 5 head stamper battery, and corrugated iron shed, with a double brick chimney nearby.</p><br>
<p>The Stone Avenue Underpass, affectionately known to native Tucsonans as "Lake Elmira", is a historic underpass on Stone Avenue in Tucson, Arizona.</p><br>
<p>The underpass was completed in January 1936. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places on September 30, 1988. Between 6th street and Toole Avenue it has two lanes and passes under the railroad tracks that run through downtown Tucson.</p><br>
<p>Due to the poor drainage it fills fast during heavy downpours of rain because of that was nicknamed Lake Elmira. Named after a young 13 year old Elmira Doakes by an Arizona Daily Star reporter named Howard Owetly way back in the summer of 1937. Back then in summer before AC most people who could leave Tucson would. The Old Pueblo was vacant of news. Nothing much of note was happening! Stuck in a place with no news to report. And desperately needing something to send to print the journalist had a brilliant idea and thus our legend was born...The Legend Of Lake Elmira.</p><br>
<p>In the 1980s two young history buffs had a zinc plaque made and placed it on one of pillars without permission from the City Of Tucson or The Arizona Historical Society. It reads in English and Spanish:“Lake Elmira. According to a 1937 newspaper account, thirteen year old Elmira Doakes (daughter of Joseph Doakes of Tucson) was the first person to successfully swim across the body of water which formed in the Stone Avenue Underpass (during summer rains). Her route from the Toole Avenue Landing to the Northern Shore has not to our knowledge been followed since. There is apparently no truth to the rumor that the Federal aid was denied in 1940 for building docking facilities and a chlorinating system in this once popular recreational area. (Although the Doakes current whereabouts is not known, it is believed that she moved to California after the Underpass received more efficient drains in the mid-sixties.</p><br>
<h2>Floodable underpasses</h2><br>
<p>Kalma Underpass, Lahore</p><br>
<p>General Grant Mine is a heritage-listed mine off Dimbulah - Mount Mulligan Road, Kingsborough, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to the 1930s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Hodgkinson Goldfield was proclaimed on 15 June 1876. Although the Hodgkinson was geologically similar to the great alluvial gold field to the north, the Palmer, it was predominantly a reefing field with its major mines in the vicinity of the now abandoned townships of Kingsborough, Thornborough and Northcote. It was a neglected field through lack of capital, and although there was an optimistic outlook until the first decade of the twentieth century, it was clear by 1908 that its small yield no longer justified separate goldfield administration and accordingly, in 1909 it was incorporated into the Chillagoe Gold and Mineral field.</p><br>
<p>There was an initial rush of over 2,000 men and up to 1877 it was estimated that over 100,000 ounces of gold had been produced from gravel and reef; in 1878 over 44,000 ounces; then a decline until 1891, when only 655 ounces was produced. Since then there was rising production to 4,853 ounces in 1901.</p><br>
<p>The General Grant reef up to the end of 1882 recorded seventeen crushings totalling 957 tons of ore yielding 1,281 ounces of gold. The workings remained idle between 1883 and 1893, but in the next two years produced 1,048 tons of ore yielding 1,402 ounces.</p><br>
<p>The revival was unexpected, but the opening of the Tablelands railway from Cairns to Mareeba in 1893 had made the field more accessible and increased use of cyanding promised improved returns for reefing fields. The real impetus came in 1897 when the British group, the Cecil Syndicate focused on the General Grant mine.</p><br>
<p>With an infusion of capital not previously witnessed in the area, the syndicate erected sophisticated surface plant and sunk the shaft to 177 m. Between 1898 and 1910, it returned 25,622 ounces of bullion gold from 27,145 tons of ore. In 1902, when the shaft reached the reef at the 150 m level the syndicate decided to erect a battery at the mine and constructed a 10,000,000 gallon capacity dam. However crushing from the mine did not even recoup the £8,000 outlaid on the construction of the dam, battery and cyanide plant.</p><br>
<p>Intermittent working resulted in the shaft reaching the 229 m level by 1937 when it was owned by the Hodgkinson Gold Development Syndicate Limited. The reef was under consideration for dewatering and re-opening in late 1944, when it was thought that at least 8,000 tons of ore, with an average grade of 0.4 ounces gold, remained and although the grade is said to have improved at the bottom of the workings, it was not economical. Several small prospecting efforts have been carried out since.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place includes a large winding shed, workshop, and two mine shafts situated on a terrace, set high on a steep hillside. Extensive mullock dumps extend from both shafts to the base of the hill. The collar of the main shaft has caved and is strewn with the timbers of a recently collapsed headframe.</p><br>
<p>The winding shed is constructed of heavy round timber uprights supporting a sawn timber frame. The building and adjacent workshop are corrugated iron clad. The building contains a winding engine, an intact Babcock boiler in a brick mount, a compressor and an air receiver. The Babcock & Wilcox boiler is equipped with a high steel chimney. A second shaft and an adit are located about 70 metres north- west with two colonial boilers.</p><br>
<p>The surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>One-cylinder air compressor - R.Schran & Co. Engineers London</p><br>
<p>Babcock & Wilcox boiler - no brand</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder steam winding engine - Walkers Limited Queensland No 870 1908</p><br>
<p>2 Colonial boilers (one not in situ)</p><br>
<p>Egg-end air receiver.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>General Grant Mine was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The General Grant Mine is significant in Queensland&#39;s history because it was a major producer of reef gold on the Hodgkinson field between 1878 and 1910.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>In addition, the winding shed is one of two surviving in North Queensland housing an intact range of early winding plant. (The other is located at the Great Northern Mine, Herberton) The Walkers winding engine is one of the most intact examples surveyed, while the Schran air compressor is rare. The Babcock and Wilcox boiler in its brick housing is the only intact example surviving in the Mareeba Mining District.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Isolation and difficult access has ensured the survival in situ of this representative and now rare mine haulage plant.</p><br>
<p>Mareeba Shire Hall is a heritage-listed former town hall at 136 Walsh Street, Mareeba, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was designed by Eddie Oribin and built from 1960 to 1961 by Ernest William Lepinath. It is also known as Former Mareeba Shire Hall. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 October 2013.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former Mareeba Shire Hall in Walsh Street was constructed in 1960-1961 for the Mareeba Shire Council. It was designed by Cairns based architect Edwin Henry (Eddie) Oribin in 1956, and was his first major solo project. It was constructed by local builder Ernest Lepinath, with engineering details provided by R McLean. The hall&#39;s structure is a combination of timber framing, concrete and brick, and features a striking semi-circular roof of laminated timber arches, an early use of this structural system in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The Atherton Tableland, west of Cairns in Far North Queensland, was named after squatter John Atherton, who was the first person to establish a cattle run in the area in the late 1870s. In the 1880s the Atherton family established a wayside inn and store at the crossing of Granite Creek, supplying goods to traffic passing between Port Douglas to the north and the new tin mining township of Herberton to the south. A settlement grew on the southern side of Granite Creek and a town, named Mareeba, was surveyed by EB Rankin in 1891. In 1893 it became a railhead when the Tableland railway from Cairns to Kuranda was extended, and by 1919 Mareeba was the district&#39;s most important town.</p><br>
<p>In 1919 Mareeba became the administrative centre for what was then Woothakata Shire, and a Shire Council Chambers building was constructed on the corner of Rankin and Walsh streets in 1924. The shire changed its name to Mareeba in 1947. Owing its prosperity to a diverse agricultural economy, post-World War II Mareeba grew to become the largest tobacco-growing centre in Australia, and in 1954 the town&#39;s population reached 3369.</p><br>
<p>The former Mareeba Shire Hall was constructed on the site of the council-owned Mareeba School of Arts (1907) which was destroyed by fire on 28 March 1954. The loss of the largest hall in Mareeba was keenly felt by the community; however disagreements between local councillors about the possible relocation of the hall to another site, and the burden of reconstruction costs to ratepayers, delayed the decision to rebuild. During this process, Cairns architects Barnes and Oribin, who were designing a hall in Ravenshoe at the time, were consulted about cost estimates.</p><br>
<p>In July 1955 it was announced that a new Shire Hall would be built on the existing Walsh Street site at an estimated cost of £37,000. Plans prepared by Barnes and Oribin were accepted, with the new design incorporating all the functions of the previous School of Arts. The proposed building was described as "an igloo building, with brick front and timber structure and with a hall said to be larger than that of Innisfail&#39;s famous civic headquarters". To accommodate the width of the new hall and provide sufficient access to side and rear entrances, the Council purchased additional land along the northern boundary of the site in 1955 and 1957.</p><br>
<p>Edwin Henry (Eddie) Oribin was born in Cairns in 1927. As a teenager during World War II, he spent time in Brisbane working with the Allison Aircraft Division of General Motors rebuilding aircraft engines. Returning to Cairns in 1944, Oribin commenced architectural training with Sid G Barnes, Chief Architect of the Allied Works Council for North Queensland, whose training gave Oribin a solid grounding in structural design and construction. In 1950 Oribin moved to Brisbane to work and study, and on 10 February 1953 he obtained his registration as an architect in Queensland, returning to Cairns the following month to begin a partnership with Barnes. This partnership lasted until Barnes&#39; death in 1959, after which Oribin continued practicing on his own.</p><br>
<p>Oribin undertook a wide range of work in North Queensland between 1953 and 1973. Throughout his career, he was devoted to experimenting with different structural and aesthetic ideas, drawing inspiration from a wide variety of Australian and international publications. Characteristics of Oribin&#39;s work included meticulous detailing, structural creativity and concern for the modulation of light. He was also known for his model-making skills and superb craftsmanship, often creating objects himself.</p><br>
<p>During the 1950s Barnes, and later Barnes and Oribin, were well known architects in Cairns and the Atherton Tablelands, receiving numerous commissions for a range of small- and medium-scale projects, such as fire stations, shops and hospital facilities. Prior to working on the Mareeba Shire Hall, Barnes and Oribin had designed at least two other halls in the region: the RSL Memorial Hall at Babinda (completed 1954, destroyed by Cyclone Larry in 2006) and Ravenshoe Divisional Hall (designed 1954, completed early 1960).</p><br>
<p>Public halls of varying design and dimension are landmarks of Australias cities and suburbs, shires and towns, important as social venues and focal points for their communities. In the mid to late 20th century, hall designs were evolving away from the traditional concept of a central auditorium with council chambers and municipal offices attached, towards more multi-purpose halls and civic centres. Many new halls constructed throughout Queensland during this period replaced earlier halls that had been destroyed or become inadequate for communities needs. While each contained a different combination of features and facilities, such as clock towers, libraries, supper rooms, public toilets, memorials, shops or offices, common to all public halls was a large multi-purpose auditorium with stage and dressing rooms.</p><br>
<p>Construction of the Mareeba hall began in 1960. The laminated timber arches were constructed by the builder E Lepinath in a nearby warehouse before being transported to the site and erected. These arches were able to span the 60 ft (18m) wide floor, allowing for an unobstructed ceiling height of 20 ft (6m).</p><br>
<p>Laminated timber arches, constructed by overlapping and bolting together small pieces of timber to make a single, large member, have been in use in Australia since the mid-19th century. Cost-effective and able to span large distances without intermediate posts, laminated timber arches also became an alternative system for roof structures of large buildings such as markets, factories and, from the early 20th century, large auditoriums and picture theatres. The process of glue lamination, using casein glue to bond the layers of timber rather than bolts, originated in Germany before being introduced to the United States in the 1920s. Several publications in the 1930s and early 1940s provided the necessary data for constructing glued laminated timber arches, and became a source of inspiration for Australian designers. The earliest experiments in Australia took place in the early 1940s and the arrival of powerful synthetic resin adhesives in the post-World War II period increased the reliability and range of applications of glue lamination. The former Burge Bros Factory in Melbourne (1945-1946) is considered to be the oldest known surviving example of this technology in Australia, with semi-circular arches spanning 30 metres, manufactured by Sydney-based company Ralph Symonds Ltd.</p><br>
<p>Despite the technology being available, it wasnt until the 1950s, when curved shapes such as conoids and hyperbolic parabolas became fashionable, that glue laminated arches were more commonly used in Australia, particularly for church structures. Recognising the structural and aesthetic potential of this new technology, Oribin specified glue laminated timber arches for two of his earliest buildings, St Pauls Anglican Memorial Church in Proserpine and the Mareeba Shire Hall; both were designed in 1956 and completed within 5 years, making them an early use of the technology in Queensland. The Proserpine church was completed first, in 1959, with engineering details for both buildings provided by Cairns engineer R McLean.</p><br>
<p>The "igloo type of construction" of the hall&#39;s design, made possible by the glue laminated arches, was viewed favourably by the local councillors, as it was seen as a cheaper method of covering large areas than more conventional structures. World War II igloos, with their large curved trusses made from small pieces of timber, were a familiar building type in the region and to Oribin, who had worked in the Allison Overhaul Assembly Plant igloos at Albion during World War II.</p><br>
<p>The hall was officially opened on 15 March 1961 by the chairman of the Mareeba Shire Council, Cedric Lewis Davies, having cost a total of £74,000. The main auditorium provided seating accommodation for 800 people and a dance floor of approximately 6000 square feet (557.42m2). The area under the stage and dressing rooms contained a kitchen and supper room. The main entrance foyer provided cloak room facilities, a ticket box and soft drink bar, as well as stairs to a gallery level above. Sliding metal and coloured glass screens separated the foyer from the auditorium. The library was located in front of the auditorium with a separate entrance, and contained "outdoor reading rooms" and a workroom enclosed with vertical wooden louvres. A newspaper article described the hall as having been "constructed on very modern lines and featured flood and spot lighting designed to give the best effects for stage production". Considerable attention was given to natural ventilation, through the ridgeline and high side windows and through the perforated brick panels in the side window bays. Oribin&#39;s characteristic innovation and attention to detail was evident throughout the design, from the carefully planned layout and circulation routes, the complex intersection of horizontal and curved elements in the roof structure, to the use of the circle motif in ornamentation.</p><br>
<p>The new hall soon became the heart of social and cultural life in Mareeba, hosting numerous events including dances, plays, musical performances and film screenings. The integrity of Oribins design led to the halls survival through many cyclones and its use as a community evacuation centre during severe tropical Cyclone Yasi in February 2011. The hall has been occupied by the Mareeba Police-Citizens Youth Club (PCYC) since 1999 and in 2013 is still used for a variety of community purposes.</p><br>
<p>Various alterations have been made to the hall over time. Partitions within the former library were changed to create office and storage areas, and no library shelving or joinery remains. The former cloak room, ticket office and soft drink bar have also become office space. A recent store room has been constructed along the southern wall of the auditorium, an original store room converted into a kitchen, and the original tiered floor has been removed. Additions to the northern side include a timber partition wall, concealing the entrances to the toilets, and a kitchenette. The renovated former supper room retains its early layout, with a modernised kitchen at the northern end.</p><br>
<p>Oribins significant contribution to Queensland architecture was recognised by the Queensland Chapter of the Royal Australian Institute of Architects in 2000, when the new "Building of the Year" award for the Far North Region was named in his honour. In 2013, two of Oribins other works, the first Oribin House and the Oribin Studio, received the "Enduring Architecture Award" at the Australian Institute of Architects&#39; Queensland Architecture Awards.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The former Mareeba Shire Hall in the Atherton Tablelands town of Mareeba stands on the western side of Walsh Street, which runs parallel to Byrnes Street, the town&#39;s main thoroughfare. Located towards the centre of a town block bounded by Middlemiss Street to the north and Atherton Street to the south, the hall with its high curved roof is a prominent building along Walsh Street, which has low-rise residential, commercial and semi-industrial buildings generously spread out along its length. The block is flat and rectangular with an additional small rectangular area to the rear on the southern side, used as a car park. The hall addresses the street with the main entrance approached by a set of steps.</p><br>
<p>The layout of the hall is designed to a square grid with a circle motif used for ornamentation. Natural finishes are used, with brickwork generally unpainted and timberwork stained. The main structure is cavity brick with a timber and steel roof structure supported by eight semi-circular, laminated timber, three pin arch frames. Concrete piers support the timber auditorium floor and the laminated timber arches are bolted to concrete footings.</p><br>
<p>Along the ridgeline, natural light enters the hall through sections of translucent roof sheeting. A suspended, arched light cove partially shields views of the roof structure and five large metal ventilators along the ridgeline. The arched roof is clad with corrugated metal sheeting.</p><br>
<p>The main elevation is composed of overlapping, geometric elements. The dominant semi-circular arch of the auditorium is broken up by a tall brick tower on the northern side of the main entrance. The exaggerated inclined soffit of the single-storey side walls of the hall cuts across the main elevation and around the projecting box of the former library on the southern side of the entrance. A smaller, secondary entrance on the far northern side is set back, and long brick planter boxes project towards the street. The pavement and stairs in front of the main entrances are of green concrete inscribed with a pattern of squares.</p><br>
<p>The upper end wall of the auditorium is of frosted glass set in metal frames in wide vertical strips divided by aluminium-clad fins. The glazed main entrance doors are four sets of timber-framed double doors ornamented with semi-circle and quarter-circle timber pieces. The doors swing from round poles and the circle motif is carried through to the pattern of vinyl tiles on the foyer floor. To the left of the main entrance a corridor leads to the former library entrance, which has a glazed wall along one side. The former library has plain brick walls and banks of frosted glass windows running below soffit level, turning the corner at the southern end. Attached to the northern wall is a plaque commemorating the hall&#39;s opening.</p><br>
<p>The tower is ornamented with a pattern of lines formed by raised brickwork. Two semi-circular elements protrude through the tower continuing the curve of the auditorium roof, a single aluminum-clad truss towards the front and a section of curved roofing at the rear, sheltering a garden bed which was originally a small pool.</p><br>
<p>The side walls are divided by brick piers into bays, with ventilation openings incorporated within raised brickwork patterns. Banks of rectangular awning windows connect the top of each bay with the roof soffit. Clerestory windows above this roof level run the length of the auditorium.</p><br>
<p>The inclined face of the roof soffits are clad in flat fibrous plaster sheeting ornamented with regularly spaced cover strips painted a contrasting colour. The top fascia is made from horizontal tongue-and-groove v-jointed boards. The rear wall of the hall is flat brickwork with no ornamentation. Concrete steps lead from the south-west corner down to a sunken area behind the building, overlooked by louvred windows and three doors from the former supper room below the stage. Timber staircases at either end of this area lead to the rear of the stage and to a small toilet block at the northern end.</p><br>
<p>The interior layout consists of the entrance foyer at the front with a concrete staircase on the northern side leading to the gallery level. On the southern side of the foyer are the former cloak room, ticket box and soft drink bar. The auditorium occupies the full width of the main portion of the hall with the stage and dressing rooms at the far end. The toilets are located in the north-west corner of the hall and a sunken area along the northern wall provides access to side doors. Along the southern wall, ramps lead down to the side doors and a former store room at the western end is now a kitchen. Between this kitchen and the stage a staircase leads down to the former supper room. The former library in the south-east corner of the building has been divided into an office at the front and store rooms at the rear.</p><br>
<p>Passing through all ground-level rooms and on both sides of the auditorium are continuous flat lighting coves. Clad in stained plywood with an angled timber fascia, the undersides of the lighting coves are pierced by regularly spaced square lights. The ceiling above these coves is clad in perforated plywood. Other light fittings are generally circular. Throughout the building the footings of the laminated timber arches are exposed.</p><br>
<p>The front portion of the former library has been converted into an office with no early joinery remaining. The floor is carpeted and the brick walls have been lined and painted. The rear portion, accessed from inside the hall, has had modern partition walls inserted to form two store rooms. Remnant cork flooring remains attached to the concrete slab, revealing the location of original walls which enclosed a workroom and children&#39;s outdoor reading room. The original ceiling and lighting coves remain throughout.</p><br>
<p>The entrance foyer has vinyl floor tiles and a low ceiling clad in perforated panels with decorative cover strips. Round columns support the gallery above. One panel of a sliding decorative metal screen remains in its track under the lighting cove.</p><br>
<p>The cantilevered concrete staircase to the gallery has a metal balustrade with circle ornamentation. The gallery is a stepped concrete slab surrounded by a solid balustrade, which is ornamented with cover strips in a pattern of lines and rectangles on the auditorium side.</p><br>
<p>The former cloak room, ticket box and soft drink bar are partially surrounded by timber counters with sliding windows above. Inside, an opening has been created between the rooms and the ticket box and cloak room counters removed.</p><br>
<p>The main arched ceiling of the auditorium is clad in perforated ceiling panels and the ceiling cove is clad in fibrous plaster sheeting. The cove is supported by curved timber hangers and has circular lights in two rows in the underside. The auditorium floor is polished timber.</p><br>
<p>The southern side of the auditorium has bench seating along the exterior wall. The kitchen, accessed by a sliding timber door, has laminated timber benches and a tiled floor. A recent store room adjacent to the former library, constructed from timber stud walls, is not of cultural heritage significance. Along the northern side of the hall, low brick walls define the edges of the sunken area, which has the same green concrete steps and floor as used for the exterior entrance areas. Double doors are aligned with the steps. The middle section of this area has been raised to the same level as the auditorium floor, with alterations made to the light cove and brick walls to accommodate a kitchenette. The male and female toilets have tiled floors and rendered and painted walls. A store room adjacent to the male toilets contains solid timber shelving.</p><br>
<p>The stage is accessed from the hall by a set of movable steps. On either side are curving walls ornamented with battens that conceal the side wings. The sounding board above the stage is clad in stained plywood. The stage floor is raked and curves outwards, clad in polished timber boards with footlights concealed beneath a removable timber board. Curtains line the wings and rear wall of the stage and the ceiling structure is exposed.</p><br>
<p>The former supper room is a long, low space with exposed steel beams supporting the stage above. The ceiling is clad in perforated panels, the walls are rendered and painted and the concrete floor has a recent epoxy coating. Exit doors in the western wall are accessed by concrete steps. The raised kitchen area at the northern end has been refurbished.</p><br>
<p>The hall is a striking building that stands out from surrounding low-set commercial buildings on Walsh Street.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Mareeba Shire Hall was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 October 2013 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Mareeba Shire Hall, completed in 1961, is important in demonstrating the Queensland pattern of local governments expressing civic pride through building public halls. With its bold design, the hall is an outstanding example of the type of public halls constructed in the mid to late 20th century to replace older halls that had been destroyed or become inadequate for the community&#39;s needs.</p><br>
<p>As his first large solo project, the Mareeba Shire Hall is an outstanding example of the work of Cairns architect Edwin Henry (Eddie) Oribin, who produced a range of innovative and unique buildings in north Queensland between 1953 and 1973. Oribins contribution to Queensland architecture is recognised by the Australian Institute of Architects establishment of the Eddie Oribin Building of the Year Award for the Far North Queensland region.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Mareeba Shire Hall is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a public hall, with an impressive exterior, a large multi-purpose auditorium, stage and dressing rooms, entrance foyer, gallery, kitchen, supper room, and former cloakroom, ticket box, bar and library.</p><br>
<p>The creativity, craftsmanship and attention to detail evident in the hall&#39;s design are characteristic of the works of architect Eddie Oribin, whose buildings are remarkable for their complex geometries, unconventional roof forms, innovative use of materials and structural systems, and manipulation of natural light and ventilation.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The Mareeba Shire Hall has aesthetic significance as a distinctive building of exceptional architectural quality. The striking asymmetrical composition of strong, dynamic forms, including the semi-circular hall, deeply inclined soffits and tall brick tower, reflects the worldwide influence of expressive modern architecture.</p><br>
<p>These qualities are evident in the interior of the hall, where the architect has created a daring and complex composition of horizontal and curving forms, utilising natural materials and finishes and carefully manipulating natural light.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Mareeba Shire Hall demonstrates a high degree of creative and technical achievement for the period in Queensland. It was the first major building solely designed by Oribin, displaying his enthusiasm for experimentation and his ability to adapt international architectural influences to suit local site and climatic conditions.</p><br>
<p>The main structural feature of the hall, semi-circular arches made from glue laminated timber, was an early use of this technology in Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Assay Office is a heritage-listed mining laboratory at 167 Walsh Street, Mareeba, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1916 to 1917. It is also known as Forestry Office. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Government Assay Office was built in 1916, it is situated behind the Court House on the corner of Hort and Constance Streets, Mareeba. It was designed by the Queensland Government Architect and built by E G Greening of Atherton, at the cost of 400 pounds. The adjacent storeroom and office, constructed in the same style, was built the following year.</p><br>
<p>At the end of the 1890s, the important minerals around the Mareeba area were wolfram and molybdenite, used for hardening and strengthening steel. These were mined mainly at Wolfram Camp, Mount Carbine, Mount Perseverance and Bamford. In May 1915 Queenslands first secure Labor government was elected into power. Under the leadership of T J Ryan, and with many members drawn from Queenslands northern mining fields and a policy of State capitalism, the Queensland Government set about implementing a policy of acquiring State enterprises to compete on the free market. There was a pre-World War I boom in wolfram in both Australia and Europe, to supply armament industries. However, a wartime ruling banning the sale of ore to foreign buyers prompted the Queensland Government to assist the local mines by building a State Battery at Bamford and an Assay Office in Mareeba.</p><br>
<p>Mareeba, because of its proximity to the Tablelands railway and the surrounding mineral areas, was chosen as the site for the Assay Office. The town of Mareeba was originally surveyed in 1893 following the arrival of the railway from the coastal port of Cairns. The line was later extended to service the Herberton tin fields. In 1901, the Chillagoe railway line from Mareeba to Mungana was opened to service the Chillagoe mining fields, further securing the future of the township. By 1916 the population of the Mareeba district was estimated to be over 1,200.</p><br>
<p>The Assay Office, a single, two-roomed brick and timber construction, was built in 1916 by local Atherton builder, E G Greening. The design of the Mareeba Assay Office was modified from other similar buildings, which had been found to have certain design faults. In particular, the original plans called for the walls and ceiling of the office to be constructed of pine timber, which could have been easily ignited by the heat of the muffle furnace used in the assaying process. Therefore, the plans for the Mareeba Assay Office allowed for the whole of the west wall to be constructed of brick. Other local adaptations included the inclusion of a door adjacent to the Balance Table to allow fumes to dissipate.</p><br>
<p>In November 1916 the State Mining Engineer recommended that another building be provided on the site for use as a storeroom and office. He further recommended that this building be of the same dimensions as the existing Assay Office building, but of cheaper construction. Therefore, the walls of the building were constructed entirely of chamferboard, on a concrete slab, with a fibro cement roof. He requested that the construction of the office and storeroom be dealt with "as an urgent matter" because he wanted the building completed before the Assayer was appointed. The second building was constructed in 1917, adjacent to the original Assay Office.</p><br>
<p>The Government Assayer appointed was Mr Cosmo Murray. It is said 14 year old Bill McGore was his apprentice for possibly the last 18 months of the building&#39;s use as an Assay Office. Late in 1917, at the request of the Government Assayer, the complex was fenced at a cost of £22, to keep children from the nearby school away from the area containing poisons, as well as to deter cattle which strayed nearby at night. Also in 1917, the Government Assayer requested incandescent lights be installed in both the Assay Office and the storeroom, since he often worked at night. These were approved of at the cost of £6.</p><br>
<p>In 1917 a report showed that the Assay Office was proving very convenient to miners from surrounding districts, because samples could be treated there at the same time as they were sent to buyers and this ensured better conditions regarding sales of ore. However, the metals boom came to an abrupt halt following the end of the war in November 1918. By 1921, the Mareeba Assay Office was closed.</p><br>
<p>With the construction of Mareeba Airfield in 1942 and the influx of troops to the area during World War II, the Assay Office was used as an American Army PX store. In 1943 it became the district headquarters for the Australian Womens Army. A.W.A.S. personnel were barracked in eight-bedded huts in Arnold Park alongside the Assay Office, using the building itself as their orderly room. At this time, Mareeba railway station was the Tablelands main depot for materials needed in the construction of roads, army camps, warehouses, hospitals and other defence facilities. These movements, plus the 3,579 USA and Australian troops brought to the area, once again changed the face of Mareeba township. It became one of the "feeding points" for troops travelling by train to the Atherton Tableland, with local women providing the food from their own rationed supplies.</p><br>
<p>In 1949, the Assay Office was taken over by the Queensland Forestry Department, who used it as an office until 26 July 1964. The Mareeba Magistrate&#39;s Court then used the former storeroom and office as a storage area until 1978, at which time the Public Works Department began using it for storage.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Assay Office and Store are situated in the grounds of the Mareeba Court House and are located at the corner of Hort and Constance Street, Mareeba. The complex comprises two buildings: the Assay Office (Laboratory) and the Store Room and Office.</p><br>
<p>The Assay Office is a tall, single story building approximately 6.5 m long and 4 m wide, with a verandah approximately 2.5 m wide facing the store room and office. The Assay Office was built on a concrete slab foundation. The exterior walls are mostly weatherboard, however approximately 4.5 m of the wall facing Hort Street is constructed of brick (English bond), this wall contains a brick chimney. Adjacent to the chimney is the small building constructed in 1917, which was used to house the air gas plant. It has corrugated iron walls nailed to a timber frame. It was constructed on a concrete base.</p><br>
<p>The hipped roof is constructed of asbestos tiles, and extends over the verandah on the eastern side. A small porch covers the entry to the building, which faces Constance Street. The interior of the building consists of one room. The internal linings are tongue and groove. The building has three exits including the front door, another on the east side of the building and, opposite this on the west side of the building, is a third door that opens out onto the verandah. There are three windows, all are double hung sash windows with plain timber surrounds. Fanlights have been incorporated into the front door and the door on the western side of the building. A panel of wire mesh is fixed to the inside of all glass windows for security purposes.</p><br>
<p>A large block of concrete located on the eastern wall marks the location of the Muffle Furnace. Next to this is a damaged section of brick wall where some of the bricks have been removed from the wall and are now lying in a heap on the floor. This is the remains of the Wind Furnace.</p><br>
<p>The verandah has a concrete floor and is enclosed with wire mesh and has a wire mesh door on the Constance Street side.</p><br>
<p>The Store Room and Office is a single story building which has the same floor dimensions as the Assay Office, and includes a verandah on the eastern side (facing the Assay Office). The store room and verandah were built on a concrete slab foundation. The exterior walls on the north, south and west sides are weatherboard. The eastern side is an exposed stud frame wall with a single skin on the inside of the frame. It has a hipped colour bond roof. The store room has two exits, both doors being located on the eastern side of the building. There are four double hung sash windows, one in each of the two side walls and two along the western wall. The interior of the building is one large room, which has a tongue and groove lining.</p><br>
<p>The block is sparsely vegetated and is surrounded by a wire mesh fence. The two buildings are set close to the road and overlook the St Thomas School and the St Thomas of Villanova Catholic Church.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Assay Office & Store, Mareeba was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 28 July 2000 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Assay Office and Store is important in demonstrating the evolution of twentieth century mining technology in Queensland, in particular the role of the Queensland Government in providing assay services to miners of rare metals, in this case Wolfram, during the metals boom sparked by World War One.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The complex is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of small Assay Offices. The Mareeba Assay Office has altered little since it was constructed in 1916. Its layout and fabric were modified to rectify design faults with similar buildings constructed in Charters Towers and Cloncurry.</p><br>
<p>Tyrconnel Mine and Battery is a heritage-listed mine between Kingsborough and Thornborough, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1876 to 1980s. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Tyrconnel mine has been one of the richest producers on the Hodgkinson Goldfield. Discovered in 1876 it was originally taken up by Redmond and McVeigh on 20 April 1876. The first battery erected at the mine was Warde and Company&#39;s in November 1876, evidently financed by A. Forsythe in Brisbane, from whom this expensive ten head stamp battery took its name. This battery began crushing in February 1877 and the local proprietors, John Warde and Thomas E. White, renamed it the Brisbane in March 1877. In early 1879 they obtained a berdan pan for it, obtaining one from the Spring Gully mill which had been idle since June 1878.</p><br>
<p>The Tyrconnel shaft was down to 128 metes in 1888 when it closed in the hands of the bank. The mine had not been worked for several years although its total production to date was 11,000 tons of stone for a yield of 18,000 ounces of gold. The mine had a 12h.p. engine and winding and pumping gear but was full of water.</p><br>
<p>The mine was advertised for sale by public auction at Herberton in May 1897. It was sold to a Sydney syndicate who floated it and the Sweet William mine at Mount Molloy on the English market £4,000 cash and 1,000 shares in 1898. It was then the deepest mine on the field. The float came to nothing. Because of water flooding, the lease holder, William Keating Snr, worked a new shaft to obtain good samples of which he sent a ton of four to six ounce stone to the 1899 Colonial Exhibition. He held the mine for several years of perseverance. He offered it to a Melbourne syndicate in 1899.</p><br>
<p>A new company was formed in 1912 and the mine reopened after many years. A Victorian mine manager, David Morgan, was appointed as the new Tyrconnel mine manager. By early 1913 they had the winding gear and ore bins erected. The owners bought the Great Dyke Companys ten head battery at Caledonia Creek near Thornborough. T. Harley, engineer-in-charge, had the contract for £80 to transport the battery to its new position. Their first twelve weeks of crushings from the mine were impressive yielding 1,041 ounces of gold from 945 tons of stone (sent out to another battery for crushing). They installed a compressor in July 1913 and rock drills in September. In October they struck a reef almost 2.4 m wide which offered two to three ounce gold quartz. The mine shaft was then put in order in November for skips. By then the battery was almost ready and the headframe was being put in position. They also had a suction gas engine sitting at Dimbulah awaiting transport to the Hodgkinson. The battery started crushing in February 1914 but broke down in May because the engine bed plate broke. The company was doing very well through Morgans careful management and William Keating&#39;s confidence. They were obtaining one ounce stone continually in 1914 and the battery kept going as long as there was water.</p><br>
<p>The battery&#39;s suction gas engine broke down in October 1915 and crushing had to be stopped. An electrical plant (210 volt generator) was installed in 1915 to provide lighting and pumping facilities and the battery had a wheeler pan. In 1916 the mine boiler was retubed and the battery gas plant was being repaired and all other machinery overhauled. Dewatering of the mine was commenced at 81 m. Cyaniding was also undertaken. A new boiler was obtained for the winding engine and compressor. Crushing and cyaniding was producing satisfactory results and additional steam power was obtained in 1917. The Tyrconnel Gold Mines Limited bought the Cecil Syndicate battery at the General Grant Mine and re-erected it at the Tyrconnel mine in 1917. The tailings from the milled ore were then run directly into the cyanide plant. The working shaft on the northern end of the property was sunk further in 1918 to work on one ounce stone. A large quantity of this stone was stoped out and sent to the battery. A 10 head stamper was brought from the General Gordon mine to enlarge the battery to 20 head. A large Cornish boiler was put in position at the beginning of 1918. A compressor to drive the drills was also being considered for purchase and, if the mine proved up well, then the water supply would have to be upgraded to supply the battery.</p><br>
<p>New head gear and another high pressure Cornish boiler were added to the Tyrconnel mine plant together with an eight drill air compressor in 1919. A 7 kW dynamo was installed in 1922 to provide light for the battery and the surface of the mine. Operations were suspended in 1924.</p><br>
<p>In 1930, 120 tons of the old sands from the mine were cyanided. With the granting of a 600-acre concession there was renewed optimism on the Hodgkinson goldfield. W. Craven treated 700 tons of old sands for 216 ounces of bullion gold valued at £190.14.7 in 1934. Machinery from overseas was ordered in 1935 for the mine. Renovations to the battery were proposed so as to treat 60 tons of ore per day and also to dewater the mine. The Queensland Gold Development Syndicate Limited reconditioned the mine, erected a new headframe and a 10 head battery, classifying and flotation machinery were installed. A concrete dam at the junction of Caledonia and Tyrconnel creeks was also constructed.</p><br>
<p>The Hodgkinson Gold Development Syndicate Limited erected a new battery in 1936 and an Ingersoll Rand drill was purchased. The ten head battery comprised a jaw crusher, ball mill, 10 head stamper, classifiers, amalgamation plates, 6-cell Kraut flotation machine, and drier. This company ceased operations on 22 July 1937 for lack of capital. After 360 fine ounces of gold and 114.5 ounces of silver and 29.21 tons of concentrates were sent to Chillagoe for refining, a caretaker was put in charge of the battery.</p><br>
<p>The battery was overhauled in 1940. A 12 and 14 inch jaw crusher and a No.5 wilfley table were installed. By the end of the war all the mines on the Hodgkinson Goldfield were closed. Oliver Reece, an American, owned the New Tyrconnel, General Grant and Cecil and had a caretaker, Amos Jones, in charge. No work was done on the mine in 1950.</p><br>
<p>The mine was reactivated during the late 1960s mining boom and again in the early 1980s. In 1983 the five head battery was operated by a Petter crude oil engine fuelled by bunker oil. However a fire destroyed the timberwork of the winding engine and part of the headframe in 1984. The mine dumps were cyanided again during the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The site is currently operated as a tourist attraction, Tyrconnel Outback Experience. There are guided tours of the mine site available, with accommodation in the former mine manager&#39;s house, newer cottages, or an adjacent campground.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place contains four component groups - living quarters, mine, battery, and cyanide works. The living quarters and mine are located above the battery and cyanide works. The quarters include a corrugated iron clad cottage and kitchen, and several outbuildings. One of these buildings is a workshop which houses a small retort of comparatively recent origin.</p><br>
<p>The mine shaft contains a concrete collar and is now covered with a grid. Concrete foundations of a timber headframe survive. The headframe and winding shed were recently destroyed by fire. The winding plant includes the remains of a winding engine, a two-cylinder steam engine, two Cornish boilers, a colonial boiler in brick mounts, and an air receiver.</p><br>
<p>The battery shed is of heavy bush timber uprights carrying a light sawn timber frame. The building is corrugated iron clad and roofed. The battery contains two sets of timber ore bins. The primary crusher has been removed. Timber chutes on the lower bins feed into the two mortar boxes of 2 five head stamp batteries. Two Petter crude oil engines provide the power source for the battery. One engine remains in operating condition. Most of the concentrating plant has been removed with the exception of a wilfley table.</p><br>
<p>Below the battery shed the remnants of a tailings dump with seven cyanide tanks extends down to Tyrconnel Creek. The most recent cyanide treatment was completed in 1986. A corrugated iron clad cottage on Tyrconnel Creek alongside the cyanide plant was formerly the battery manager&#39;s house. The battery dam remains intact on Tyrconnel Creek.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Colonial boiler - Walkers Limited</p><br>
<p>2 Cornish boilers - no brands</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder centre flywheel tandem steam air compressor - Thompson Engineers Castlemaine</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder steam winding engine with flywheel - Tooth & Co Vulcan Foundry Maryborough (Vic)</p><br>
<p>Cornish boiler (not in situ)</p><br>
<p>2 Five head stamp batteries - Fraser Chalmers Erith England</p><br>
<p>2 Mortar boxes (not in situ) - Fraser Chalmers 108A</p><br>
<p>2 Two-cylinder crude oil engines with flywheels - Petter Yeovil</p><br>
<p>Small kerosene engine with two flywheels - no brand</p><br>
<p>Wilfley table</p><br>
<p>Berdan pan (not in situ)</p><br>
<p>Grinding pan (not in situ) - Kalgoorlie Foundry Engineers</p><br>
<p>Silverthorne & Adair Boilermaker</p><br>
<p>Egg-end air receiver</p><br>
<p>Small retort furnace</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Tyrconnel Mine and Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The Tyrconnel mine and battery is significant in Queensland&#39;s history as one of the most complete and impressive mine and battery sites in the State. It demonstrates technological developments from 1876 to the mid 1980s.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The surviving combination of living quarters, mine, battery and cyanide works in close proximity is rare. The battery shed is one of only a handful in North Queensland that are intact and contain plant; (others include the Emuford battery, Irvinebank StateTreatment Works, Kidston and Venus batteries). The current plant includes the third stamp battery on the site. The very intact Thompson air compressor is one of only two recorded in North Queensland (the other is at the Croydon State mine) and is rare, as is the Vulcan winding engine. The intactness of the cyanide plant relates to its recent use and is not common in the Mareeba Mining District.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>Buildings and plant are relatively intact and the complete gold mining process from raising the ore to the final extraction of gold through the milling and cyanidation processes, can be traced through the physical evidence remaining on site.</p><br>
<p>Fanari  or Fanarion  is a village in Karditsa, Greece, with a population of 433 .</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The village is located on the end of a series of hills extending into the Thessalian plain northwest of Karditsa, and commands a broad view of the surrounding area. The current settlement dates to the later Middle Ages, but is located on the ruins of the ancient city of Ithome, which survived until early Byzantine times.</p><br>
<p>Fanari is mentioned for the first time in 1304, when it was briefly occupied by the forces of the regent of Epirus, Anna Palaiologina Kantakouzene. It then came under the control of the autonomous Thessalian magnate Stephen Gabrielopoulos, and on his death in 1333 it passed to the ruler of Epirus, John II Orsini, who fortified it. The castle, a plain structure on a circular plateau some 100 m across, is well preserved to this day. It features five square towers, and a strong gate-tower on its western side, while a cistern and remains of a barracks survive in the interior. The archontes (local elders) of Fanari are mentioned in several documents: in 1342 Michael Gabrielopoulos assured them that no Albanians would be settled in their area, and confirmed their possession of the monasteries of Lykousada and Porta Panagia, while in 1382 the archontes are mentioned in a local Church synod. In 1444, when the Despot of the Morea and future Byzantine emperor, Constantine XI Palaiologos, briefly expanded into Central Greece, he installed a governor of his own in Fanari.</p><br>
<p>A local bishopric is attested from 1382–88 on, initially in combination with Kappoua (modern Kappas), but after the Ottoman conquest of Thessaly it became a separate see and was even raised to an archbishopric. Today the see is a titular bishopric within the Church of Greece, held since 2003 by Agathangelos (Vasileios) Haramantidis.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>James Venture Mulligan&#39;s Grave is a heritage-listed grave at Bakers Road, Mount Molloy, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built in 1907. It is also known as Mount Molloy Cemetery. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Mount Molloy was established in 1880 after Patrick Molloy, a selector who had taken up land beside Rifle Creek on the Port Douglas to Herberton track, found rich copper deposits. Patrick Molloy attracted the interest of James Forsyth and James Venture Mulligan, who promoted the potential of the area to Melbourne investors. The investors, including the Victorian Premier, formed the Mount Molloy Copper Mining Company in 1899. The mine was taken over by John Moffatt&#39;s Irvinebank Company in 1901.</p><br>
<p>James Venture Mulligan was born in 1837 at County Down, Ireland, to a Protestant family who rented farming land in Slievenaboley. Sometime during 1859 or 1860 he travelled to Melbourne, Victoria. Details of his early years in Australia are not clear, but it is thought he unsuccessfully attempted to join the Burke and Wills expedition from Melbourne, then travelled to New South Wales, to Nundle, Glen Innes and Armidale, where he is thought to have opened a butcher&#39;s shop and first tried his hand at prospecting. Mulligan left Armidale for the Gympie goldrush in 1867, travelled to the Gladstone goldfield in 1871 and the Etheridge goldfield in 1873. He is also thought to have prospected at Ravenswood and the Gilbert River goldfields.</p><br>
<p>Mulligan led a party of six men from Gilbert River via Mount Surprise in 1873, to investigate a reported gold discovery by William Hann on the Palmer River. Days after Mulligan&#39;s expedition returned the following announcement was posted on the door of the Gold Commissioner at Etheridge:"JV Mulligan reports the discovery of payable gold on the Palmer River. Those interested may inspect at this office the 102 oz he brought back."On 26 September 1873 Mulligan led a large party of 100 diggers to the Palmer. The Palmer was to provide considerable stimulus for the development of North Queensland in the late nineteenth century. Mulligan prospected for a short time on the Palmer and also spent some time in the newly established port of Cooktown. On 1 May 1874 he left Cooktown for another prospecting expedition. On this expedition Mulligan named the St George River, sited the short lived town of Toughville and explored tributaries of the Palmer, Mitchell and Walsh Rivers, and what was to become the Hodgkinson goldfield. On 29 April 1875 he led a government-sponsored expedition which passed the future sites of Mareeba and Atherton, crossed the Herberton Range and discovered tin in the Wild River, but found little gold. The government paid Mulligan £300 to equip him for another expedition, to be raised to £1000 if he found substantial gold deposits.</p><br>
<p>On 23 October 1875 Mulligan led another expedition to the Hodgkinson. The party returned to Cooktown on 13 March 1876 with sufficient gold to stimulate the Hodgkinson gold rush. The Hodgkinson field was proclaimed in March or June 1876 and lasted until 1909 when it was incorporated into the Chillagoe Gold and Mineral field. Though geologically similar to the rich alluvial finds on the Palmer River, the Hodgkinson supported mainly reef mining, and disappointed miners blamed Mulligan for their misfortunes on the field.</p><br>
<p>In 1877 Mulligan settled at Thornborough and fostered business interests, such as the ownership of the Thornborough store with his old mate James Dowdall, and chairmanship of the local Progress Association. After the store was declared insolvent in 1879, Mulligan again turned to prospecting. He led another government sponsored expedition in 1882, prospecting at the Millstream, Wild River, Emu Creek near Irvinebank and Silver Valley. He led another three expeditions in 1883 in search of tin and gold deposits, to the Valley of Lagoons, Chillagoe and the Palmer/Laura region. Widely respected for his bush skills and religious principles, Mulligan became a justice of the peace in 1894. In 1903, aged in his early 60s, Mulligan married Fanny Bulls, a widower from the Palmer goldfield, and they settled in Mount Molloy, then a bustling "twin town" with one township close to the copper mines and another servicing John Moffats smelters where the town of Mount Molloy stands today. It is thought that while living in Mount Molloy Mulligan continued prospecting on Mount Fraser, a few miles north west of the town.</p><br>
<p>The details about the events that led to Mulligans death are unclear. It seems that on 23 August 1907 Mulligan was involved in a pub brawl, in which he sustained critical injuries. Conflicting accounts of the fight place it in Jimmy Forsyths pub midway between the two towns, now marked by a large mango tree on the left of Bakers Road, or as reported in the Cairns Morning Post on 27 August 1907, at Mount Carbine, north of Mount Molloy. He was taken to Mount Molloy hospital and died the next day. The Cairns Morning Post records Mulligan was buried "in the little cemetery at Mount Molloy" the Saturday following his death. The Cairns Post suggested opening a subscription list for a memorial in honour of Mulligan. Local residents erected a marble headstone, made in Townsville, over his grave, which identifies Mulligan as 67 when he died (in fact he was 70) with the words "erected by a few old friends".</p><br>
<p>Mulligan enjoyed exploration as much as prospecting and was never secretive about his finds. His lively diaries, published regularly in The Queenslander were re-published in 1875 as "A guide to the Palmer River and Normanby goldfields". Mount Mulligan, a plaque at Mareeba, and the Mulligan Highway commemorate his name.</p><br>
<p>Mulligan maintained an association with Mount Molloy throughout its development, having led the first prospecting expedition through the area and later acquiring the copper mining claim in partnership with James Forsyth. This claim was then sold to a Melbourne syndicate and eventually operated by mining magnate, John Moffat. After initial mismanagement it had, by 1903, become one of North Queensland&#39;s leading copper producers.</p><br>
<p>Mulligan has the earliest marked grave in the Mount Molloy cemetery, followed by William James Cairn in 1908 and James Laing in 1909. Another seven marked graves, members of the George, McDonach, Campbell and Geraghty families, date to between 1924 and 1938. The cemetery continues to serve the Mount Molloy community and presently contains around 70 marked burials.</p><br>
<p>The site has ongoing significance to the community as evidenced by the placement of a bronze plaque and other commemorative activities at the plot.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>James Venture Mulligan is buried in the Mount Molloy cemetery, Bakers Road, Mount Molloy, 2.6 kilometres from Mount Molloy by road. A low cyclone fence, with three gated entrances, surrounds the cemetery. One entrance is for visitors on foot coming from the northern or road side, one for vehicles also from the north, and another for visitors on foot coming from the west.</p><br>
<p>The landform is open woodland slightly sloping towards the south-east. The ground appears hard and stony and little grass cover was evident at the time of inspection in October 2003. Tree species do not appear to be part of an overall planting scheme, and include species of Acacia, Melaleuca, Eucalypt and Grevillea. One frangipani and three palms have been planted in direct association with a recent grave. Termite mounds are evident across the cemetery.</p><br>
<p>Mulligan&#39;s grave is at the south-east corner of the cemetery, near a mature grevillea tree. It is marked with a marble headstone, made by W.A. & C. Whelan in Townsville and surrounded by a concrete border and cast iron fence. The fence is attached to the concrete with bolts. Both the fence and the concrete border are painted white. A bronze plaque, embedded in concrete and surrounded by white quartz pebbles, sits below the headstone. Loose white quartz pebbles are inside the concrete edging.</p><br>
<p>Other graves in the cemetery are constructed of materials such as marble, granite, concrete, tiling and cast iron.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>James Venture Mulligan&#39;s Grave in the Mount Molloy Cemetery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>Mount Molloy cemetery, in use from at least 1907, reflects the development of the region from that period to the present day. The cemetery is an important record of the cultural development of the area, representing the development of early mining activities and the subsequent decline in economic activity.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>James Venture Mulligan was closely associated with the discovery and opening of the Palmer goldfields, which was to provide considerable stimulus for the development of North Queensland in the late nineteenth century. Mulligan is also credited with the development of the Hodgkinson goldfield and is recognised for locating a number of potential mineral developments in North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>In addition to his published writings, JV Mulligan is remembered through the naming of Mt Mulligan and the Mulligan Highway. James Venture Mulligan&#39;s grave is the most direct and tangible reminder of the man and his life with its long associations with the mining history of North Queensland.</p><br>
<p>Johnston&#39;s Sawmill Steam Plant is a heritage-listed former sawmill at corner of Santowski Crescent and the Peninsular Development Road, Mount Molloy, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia. It was built from 1914 to 1954. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The former John Michael Johnstons Sawmill Steam Plant, comprising a brick-encased Stirling water tube boiler with flue and chimney base, Marshall steam engine, Walkers steam winch and boiler blow down tank is located in a prominent position at the corner of Santowski Crescent and the Peninsular Developmental Road (Mulligan Highway) in Mount Molloy. A small sawmill owned by the Mount Molloy Copper Mining Company appears to have operated on the site c.1908, and JM Johnstons larger sawmill was operational between 1914 and 1963.</p><br>
<p>The township of Mount Molloy was initially called "Smelter Town", one of two settlements that grew up around a copper mine and its related copper smelter built near Rifle Creek, northwest of the mine. Copper had been discovered in 1885, either by teamster Pat Molloy or by Dan Cuddihy, one of his bullock drivers. Molloy worked the lode intermittently, making about £500 before he abandoned or sold the mine, which was taken up by successful prospector James Venture Mulligan and businessman James Forsythe in the early 1890s. Mulligan and Forsythe made about £3000 from the ore before attracting the attention of a Melbourne syndicate, which purchased the mine in 1898 for £6000. The company failed to find payable copper ore, the mine was abandoned and the mining lease forfeited. Forsythe regained possession of the mine, which he soon sold to JS Reid. It became part of John Moffats holdings in 1901. Between 1880 and 1914, much of the economic activity of North Queensland was driven by the railways and mining towns created by John Moffats enterprises, and his Chillagoe Company built private railways between Mareeba and Chillagoe during 1898-1901, and from Almaden to Forsayth during 1907-1910.</p><br>
<p>To avoid carting ore from Mount Molloy to the government railway at Biboohra (the railway had reached Biboohra from Cairns in 1893), a smelter was built near Rifle Creek at Mount Molloy. The smelter manager&#39;s residence was located on the hill just above the smelter, which commenced operations on 25 November 1904. A small sawmill existed on the flat north-west of the smelter by early 1905, to produce timber for mine shaft supports and buildings. A two-foot (.61 metre) gauge tramway linking the mine and the smelter was also completed by 1905 - the peak year for copper production at Mount Molloy. At this time the Mount Molloy Copper Mining Company Limited was floated, with John Moffat as Chairman.</p><br>
<p>As the smelted copper matte still needed carting by road to Biboohra and copper prices were high in 1906, Mount Molloy Ltd started constructing a 19-mile 65 chain (31.9 km) private railway from Biboohra to the Mount Molloy smelter in 1907. However, the expense of this railway, combined with a slump in copper prices in late 1907, meant that by the time the railway opened on 7 August 1908 the company was already in financial trouble. The smelter had suspended operations while waiting for the railway to be completed, and a short smelting campaign was conducted in late 1908.</p><br>
<p>Although mining operations were no longer profitable in Mount Molloy, an alternative source of income existed in timber. The rise of sawmilling in the Cairns region was part of the evolution of the industry in Queensland over time. Although there was timbergetting in the far north from the 1870s, South East Queenslands (especially Maryboroughs) sawmills supplied a substantial portion of central and north Queensland&#39;s sawn timber needs until sawmilling in the Cairns district from the 1880s reduced dependence on the south. By 1888 there were three sawmills in the Cairns district, including the Union Saw and Planing Mills at Stratford (E Martin and Son), and a steam powered sawmill was also established at Carrington in 1889.</p><br>
<p>The first steam powered sawmill in Queensland had opened in Brisbane in 1853 and prior to World War II most sawmills on the Atherton Tablelands used steam engines. A reliable source of water was required for the steam boilers which powered the engines, and the latter were commonly equipped with a large flywheel, as the energy stored in the flywheel enabled the saws to make major cuts with a minimum loss of speed. Power was transferred to the saws via belts, pulleys and shafts. However, most machinery was sold, relocated and reused when a sawmill closed, leading to paucity of relics at most sawmill sites.</p><br>
<p>The fact that Mount Molloy Ltd was building a railway towards a timber source made the company&#39;s shift to timber viable, as logs could be efficiently transported to sawmills located along the railway network. The Queensland sawmilling industry was initially located in major towns, close to the markets for sawn timber. As the industry evolved there was a tendency to locate mills near the resource only if there were sufficient supplies to last during the life of the investment. Sawmills were also initially sited by rivers and creeks, where logs could be rafted or moved by ship, but when railways were established, sawmills were sited on or near the railway.</p><br>
<p>The spread of railways in the Cairns region thus facilitated the timber industry. The Tablelands railway reached Mareeba from Cairns in 1893 and Atherton in 1903, enabling Tableland timber to be transported to the coast, and railway extensions over the next two decades made the Cairns region the main sawmilling district outside South East Queensland. Major sawmilling enterprises in the Far North region included Cairns Timber Limited, Lawson and Sons, and JM Johnston.</p><br>
<p>The timber industry was accompanied by closer settlement, as farming usually commenced after land was cleared by logging; although before the 1884 Crown Land Act introduced royalties on timber, it was easy for timbergetters to select land, extract the timber and then forfeit the selection. The forestry industry was second only to mining as a cause of settlement in Far North Queensland. In Mount Molloy, the dairy farming that followed timber extraction enabled the town to survive the failure of mining.</p><br>
<p>Due to Mount Molloy Ltd&#39;s new found interest in the timber industry, in December 1907 Anthony Linedale, one of the directors of the company, corresponded with the Director of Forests, Queensland Department of Public Lands, about the activities of Mount Molloy Ltd and its timber requirements. He noted that the company employed 173 men at the mine, 124 men at the smelters and refiners, 17 officers, 18 teamsters, 10 wood-getters, 19 men at the Biboohra railway yard and 320 men building the Molloy railway. That month the Director of Forests recommended that 10,000,000 superficial feet (1 super foot is a volume of timber representing 2360 cm3) be sold without competition to Mount Molloy Ltd, over 5 years, with a minimum removal of 30,000 super feet per month; the royalty to be a 25 per cent advance on the minimum royalties prescribed by the timber regulations for that district. The timber concession covered 16,000 acres (6474.97 hectares) of Crown land north of Mount Molloy. On 6 March 1908 an agreement on the concession was made between Mount Molloy Ltd and Alexander Patrick Cameron, Land Commissioner for the district of Cairns, with royalties to be paid each month from June 1908. One condition, which Mount Molloy Ltd later regretted, was that all timber cut had to be sawn within Queensland. The inability to export logs later led to kauri logs being stockpiled at Mount Molloy.</p><br>
<p>However, the right to cut timber meant that the new railway at least had something to transport, as the smelters had closed by the end of 1908 for lack of ore, and the mine itself closed in late 1910. The 5 year timber concession allowed Mount Molloy Ltd to stay afloat, and in the companys report for the half year to 31 December 1908, presented in April 1909, it was stated that contract teamsters were hauling timber from the companys concession. In addition, a bullock team, two horse teams and a traction engine were under company control. The timber extracted included hickory, cadagi, kauri pine, and red cedar; over 2 million super feet of logs were delivered to the depot, while 882,574 super feet were despatched by rail during the half year.</p><br>
<p>The report also noted that the Rifle sawmill (probably the small sawmill near the smelter) had been working intermittently on local orders. As it was not located on the railway, it was not suitable for cutting accumulated stock. A sleeper mill (for producing railway sleepers) had also been put down "on a branch line of 10 chains (200 m), leaving the main line near the western point of the triangle, and traversing the south easterly end of the Works Site Ridge". As the turning triangle (and the towns first railway station) was once located just east of Vains Close in Mount Molloy, and a 1914 survey map shows a siding running to the site of Johnstons sawmill, the sleeper mill was probably located where Johnston built his sawmill.</p><br>
<p>It was also reported in April 1909 that the company had acquired the Granite sawmill at Mareeba, with the plant taken on lease for one year, with the option of purchase or an extended lease of 4 years or more. According to the company&#39;s next half-yearly report (presented October 1909), the Mareeba sawmill drew nearly all its log supplies from Mount Molloy.</p><br>
<p>As timber felling and sawmilling had provided the capital to continue the companys mining operation, the approaching end of Mount Molloy Ltds 5 year timber concession meant that the company went into liquidation on 3 March 1913. Despite the expiry of the original timber concession the liquidators (including John Moffat from December 1915) were allowed to continue cutting timber (excluding cedar) from December 1913, up to the 10 million super feet agreed to in 1908, or until the government purchased the railway to Mount Molloy.</p><br>
<p>A government purchase of the railway from Biboohra to Mount Molloy had been looming for some time. In 1910 Moffat had approached the Queensland Government, asking for £40,000 (the line had cost about £46,600); and in late March 1913, a deputation of Mount Molloy locals to the Railway Commissioner pointed out that if the line was torn up as a result of the company&#39;s liquidation, it would be disastrous for those who had already settled in the vicinity. In the end, Moffat received £17,500, the government taking over the line on 1 March 1917 under the Mount Molloy Railway Act 1917. At this time the extension on the timber concession ended. The government also took over the Chillagoe Company and its assets in June 1919.</p><br>
<p>Although Mount Molloy Ltd had failed, another enterprise based on timber saved Mount Molloy from extinction. John Michael Johnston, born in Reykjavik, Iceland in 1884, had worked in sawmills in Northern Europe, Canada and New Zealand before he moved to North Queensland. After a period of prospecting, he returned to sawmilling, first at Innisfail, then Tolga, before going into business on his own behalf at Ravenshoe. On 15 January 1914 the Cairns Post announced that Messrs Polentz and Johnson (sic-Johnston) had purchased the Mount Molloy sawmills, and intended "to start operations shortly". Advertisements later that year for the Mount Molloy Saw and Planing Mills of Johnston and Polentz noted that sawn hickory was their speciality. Some years later it was reported that Johnston had taken over what remained of the sawmill machinery in the town and had renovated it.</p><br>
<p>As the sawmill was only very small when Johnston took it over, the surviving boiler and steam engine equipment at the site of Johnstons sawmill was probably installed between 1914 and 1938. A photograph from shows that the surviving equipment was already in place: the Marshall steam engine and boiler were under separate open-sided sheds, the boilers brickwork was painted white, and the Walkers steam winch was operating a stiff leg derrick crane. At this time the brick chimney base was shorter and located closer to the boiler. The chimney appears to have been in its current position by 1954.</p><br>
<p>The Marshall steam engine was the main driving engine for the saws in the mill, running a flat belt from its flywheel. It, along with the other steam engines in the mill, was powered by the Stirling boiler, which was fed with timber off cuts. The Stirling boiler was a water- tube boiler, in which the water to be heated was contained within tubes, with fire passing around the outside-in contrast to fire-tube boilers, which had fire passing through tubes which were surrounded by water. The water-tube type was favoured for larger boilers for safety reasons. Stirling water tube boilers were at their most popular in the early 1900s; many of the 30 or so installed in Victoria between 1904 and 1912 were large boilers for electrical power generation or larger manufacturers. Most activity regarding Stirling boiler installation in Queensland, based on newspaper advertising, appears to be between 1900 and 1914, and the Agent for Queensland in 1903 was Norman M Bell.</p><br>
<p>The Mount Molloy boiler is of the "W" type, with three steam drums at the top and two water drums at the bottom, joined by tubes. However, the additional steam drum at the top is not a standard feature; nor is the metal furnace area at the front. The additional steam drum was un-fired (not directly connected to the steam-raising part of the boiler), so the boiler could still be considered to be of the five-drum type; the extra drum may have been necessary to maximise steam to the engine while a cut was being made along a log. The boiler&#39;s dimensions are 8 feet 10 inches (2700 mm) wide; 20 feet 11 inches (6300 mm) long and 19 feet (5790 mm) tall. This corresponds with the Stirling boiler size 1W.</p><br>
<p>In September 1916 the Cairns Post reported that Johnston had his new hardwood mill going, and that sawn timber was being despatched on the railway. In 1917 the paper reported that the sawmill was the "mainstay of the place as regards employment". However, logs could not be hauled to the sawmill in the wet season, and a railway extension to the north was required to keep the mill working all year. By late 1917 two sawmills were operating in the district, cutting timber from Crown lands. The second sawmill was probably also Johnston&#39;s, as it was reported in May 1918 that he had a sawmill 8 miles from Mount Molloy, on the edge of the scrub.</p><br>
<p>In 1920 the government began a 7-mile extension of the railway to the north, to facilitate further timber felling and closer settlement (the land north of Mount Molloy being better quality than that between Biboohra and Mount Molloy). A new railway station was built at Mount Molloy, to the north-east of the old station, and the old line towards the smelter site was left as a spur line for the use of Johnston&#39;s sawmill. The railway was opened to Rumula in December 1926, but it was never extended to Port Douglas, as some settlers had hoped. This could have provided an alternative route to the coast if the Kuranda section of the Tablelands railway was again blocked, as it had been in early 1911.</p><br>
<p>By March 1930 Johnston&#39;s sawmill ran 12 months of the year and enjoyed "practically a monopoly" in the supply of butter boxes and fruit cases in the north of Queensland. Johnston added to the Mount Molloy sawmill up to 1926, around which time he moved to Stratford, where he had built another sawmill in 1921. In the late 1920s the workforce at the Mount Molloy sawmill dropped from about 100 men to 60.</p><br>
<p>After Johnston moved to Stratford, WJ Colley became the manager at Mount Molloy and he purchased three trucks and several caterpillar tractors for use in the bush. This may have offended somebody, as on the early morning of 17 September 1930 the front end of one 5 ton timber hauling Benz Mercedes lorry was blown apart with explosives, damaging nearby houses.</p><br>
<p>In 1931 the Minister for Lands, William Deacon, visited Mount Molloy and expressed surprise at finding such an up-to-date sawmill situated behind the poor land that lay between Biboohra and Mount Molloy. However, early on 14 June 1932 a fire near the boiler spread away from the engine and main block, damaging the repair workshop at the mill. In August 1932 the mill employees were notified that their jobs were terminated, and that they had to apply to Mr WJ Colley to be re-engaged. A new private company, Molloy Sawmills Pty Limited, was registered under the directorship of JM Johnston, W Marlay and WJ Colley. Johnston still owned the mill, but leading employees were given a share in the business so they would have an incentive to look after its interests.</p><br>
<p>Johnston was still the owner of the Mount Molloy sawmill when it burnt down on 31 January 1934, William J Santowski being the manager at the time. It was reported that "One 350 h.p. boiler was in the destroyed building, also one Sandycroft steam engine; one twin circular log breaking down plant, four saw benches, one planing machine, saw-dust carriers, belting, shafting and pulleys and other tools of various descriptions, 29 circular saws, one log rolling winch, two saw sharpening machines, three cross-cut sawing machines". However, the employees were able to protect the boiler, main engines and pumping plant from serious damage. There were also two other planing machines in a separate building that was not destroyed. Prior to the fire Johnston had purchased machinery for a new sawmill at Shipton&#39;s Flat near Cooktown, and after the fire he placed some of the machinery at Mount Molloy. He claimed that the latter was a paying proposition and a very essential part of his organisation. It was also essential to have the mill at Mount Molloy, as most hardwood supplies came from there.</p><br>
<p>Yet another fire occurred on the night of 12 September 1938, in the planing building. As a result, Johnston used the planing facilities at his Stratford sawmill until the sawmill at Mount Molloy was repaired. After Johnston died in Cairns on 1 May 1943, it was stated that he was "one of the best known men in north Queensland". After his first sawmill at Ravenshoe, he had developed a string of Johnston mills, including at Mount Molloy, Stratford, Mareeba, Millaa Millaa, Bloomfield River and Shipton&#39;s Flat.</p><br>
<p>Bunning Bros purchased Johnsons Stratford and Mount Molloy mills in the late 1940s or early 1950s (although a 1991 Deed of Grant for the land on which the sawmill steam plant stands was made out to JM Johnston Pty Ltd) and Rankine Bros purchased the Mount Molloy sawmill in the early 1960s. Electricity from the grid had arrived at Mount Molloy in 1956, and from 1968-86 Rankine Bros operated an electric sawmill at Mount Molloy, close to Johnstons original sawmill site. In 1988 the World Heritage Listing of the Wet Tropics area between Townsville and Cooktown terminated logging on Crown land, forcing timber workers to seek alternative forms of employment. The electric sawmill, minus its machinery, still stood in early 2011, along with a small office building which may have been relocated from elsewhere on the old Johnston sawmill site (both outside the heritage boundary).</p><br>
<p>A final fire destroyed Johnston&#39;s sawmill in 1963, and this time it was not rebuilt. The railway to Mount Molloy closed on 30 April the following year. In 1973 a timber shed still existed around the boiler, along with a small shed over the Walkers steam winch, and the derrick crane was still extant. Another shed existed to the southeast of the steam engine, set at a lower level. The buildings and the crane have since been removed. Two other steam engines that were present in 1973 are no longer on site - a Tangye, Birmingham single cylinder vertical engine and a Thompson & Co., Castlemaine, Victoria, single cylinder horizontal engine no.242 (earlier used by Mount Lyell Mining and Railway Company). A Pickering type governor was also present in 1973 on top of the Marshall steam engine, but this has since been removed.</p><br>
<p>Although Johnstons Mount Molloy sawmill buildings no longer exist, the sawmills steam plant survives as a highly visible and evocative reminder of the time when the timber industry was a mainstay of the North Queensland economy.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The remnant steam plant from JM Johnston&#39;s sawmill is located at the southern entrance to Mount Molloy on the corner of Santowski Crescent and the Peninsular Developmental Road (Mulligan Highway), on a grassed site above the road level. The land rises to the west and falls away to the south.</p><br>
<p>The Stirling water tube boiler is the largest component of the steam plant, located at the northeast side of the group of objects, nearest the street intersection. The boilers surrounds and the flue and chimney are made with brick, with metal framing. It is a "W" type boiler, with three metal steam drums at the top and two metal water drums at the bottom, joined by metal tubing; plus an extra steam drum on top. The top drums are supported on the metal frame, while the bottom two drums are free to move with expansion of the tubes. The makers name is cast onto the metal access doors to the tubing: "The Stirling Boiler Co Ltd, Edinburgh & London". The furnace doors are located at the southeast end of the boiler, while the brick flue and chimney base are located at the northwest end. The main steam pipe is still extant. Vegetation is currently growing out of the boiler&#39;s brickwork.</p><br>
<p>The metal blowdown tank, a cylindrical device with a vent pipe, is connected to the boiler, located about 7 metres west of the southernmost corner of the boiler. The blowdown tank was used to flush sediment out of the boiler under pressure, by allowing the steam to flash off up the vent pipe while the hot water drained away.</p><br>
<p>About 7.6 m south-west of the boiler, to the west of the blowdown tank, is a Walkers Ltd (Maryborough) steam winch, which was used to power a stiff leg derrick crane for moving logs. The winch is a twin- cylinder horizontal reversing single-drum second-motion steam winch; its steam cylinders are 8 inches (203mm) in diameter, and the stroke is 14 inches (356mm).</p><br>
<p>About 7.6 metres south of the boiler is the Marshall steam engine. There is no manufacturers name on the engine, but it has the characteristics of a Marshall, Sons & Co. (Gainsborough, England) engine, specifically their class C model, which was fitted with a Hartnells Patent automatic expansion gear governor. An example of the latter is still present on top of the engine next to the flywheel.</p><br>
<p>The engine is a horizontal (the cylinders are horizontal) cross-compound (high-pressure plus a low-pressure cylinder, side by side) stationary steam engine. It was once fitted with a tailrod extension on the low-pressure cylinder, and the tailrod crosshead casting has since been broken off. The high- and low-pressure cylinders were originally lagged with timber strips held on by brass bands, but most of the timber has rotted away. The high-pressure cylinder bore is about 15 inches (381 mm) in diameter while the low-pressure cylinder bore is about 24 inches (610 mm) in diameter. The stroke of both cylinders was 36 inches (914 mm), while the flywheel is 10 feet (3048 mm) in diameter, and 21 inches (533 mm) wide. The engine is mounted on a concrete base, with a concrete trough for the flywheel.</p><br>
<p>Some timber relics, plus metal objects such as piping and laddering, also survive on the site.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Johnston&#39;s Sawmill Steam Plant was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 15 July 2011 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The steam plant at the site of JM Johnstons sawmill in Mount Molloy, as part of a large and long-lived sawmill operation, is important in demonstrating the existence of the timber industry in North Queensland prior to World Heritage listing of the Wet Tropics in 1988. The presence of large tracts of rainforest and the spread of railways in the Cairns hinterland ensured that in the early 20th century the region became the main sawmilling area outside South East Queensland and the timber industry was second only to mining as a driver for North Queenslands economic development.</p><br>
<p>Johnston&#39;s sawmill, built on the site of a smaller sawmill linked to the earlier copper mining activities at Mount Molloy, operated from 1914 to 1963 as a permanent town-based mill, which enabled the town of Mount Molloy to survive the failure of mining.</p><br>
<p>The place also demonstrates the importance of steam power to sawmilling operations in Queensland, prior to the widespread availability of electricity.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>Steam engines were once a common form of power generation in Queensland sawmills, and in-situ examples of stationary steam engines and their associated boilers on sawmill sites are now rare throughout the state.</p><br>
<p>The Stirling water tube boiler and its blow down tank, the Marshall steam engine and Walkers steam winch are substantially intact and still demonstrate the arrangement of this type of equipment within a steam powered sawmill.</p><br>
<p>The use of large Stirling water-tube boilers and stationary compound steam engines was also rare in sawmills, which generally used single-cylinder steam engines or portable steam engines, and this example may be unique in Australia.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The remaining plant of the JM Johnston sawmill is a highly visible landmark, located on a raised corner on the main road into Mount Molloy from the south. The evocative relics are often photographed by passing tourists.</p><br>
<p>The place has a special association with the life or work of a particular person, group or organisation of importance in Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>During his lifetime JM Johnston, whose businesses were active during the early 20th century expansion of the timber industry in the Cairns region, was a well-known figure in the North Queensland sawmilling industry. He established mills at Ravenshoe, Mount Molloy, Stratford (Cairns), Mareeba, Millaa Millaa, Bloomfield River and Shipton&#39;s Flat near Cooktown.</p><br>
<p>Delian Island is an island found in the Calamianes Islands in the province of Palawan, Philippines.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>The average elevation of the island is 76 m above sea level.</p><br>
<h2>Population</h2><br>
<p>An estimated 2.82% of the children below 5 years old living in the island are underweight.</p><br>
<h2>Weather</h2><br>
<p>April is the warmest month with an average temperature of 32.3 °C at noon while January is the coldest month with an average temperature of 22.6 °C at night. The island has no distinct temperature seasons, the temperature is relatively constant during the year. The temperatures do not differ much between day and night. September is on average the month with most sunshine. The wet season has a rainfall peak around October, the dry season is around the month of March.</p><br>
<h2>Natural Disasters</h2><br>
<p>There is a medium-high occurrence of periods of extreme drought. There is an extremely high chance of cyclones hitting the island.</p><br>
<p>Parson&#39;s Bend is a historic farm property on Nelson Street in Alna, Maine. Built about 1800, the farmhouse is a well-preserved and idiosyncratic Georgian-Federal style Cape house. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2005.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Parson&#39;s Bend is a farm property of 39 acre that occupies the inside of a bend in the Sheepscot River a short way south of the main village in the rural community of Alna. The river flows southeast and then makes a ninety-degree bend to the southwest. The farm property is bounded on the southwest side by Nelson Road, a narrow dirt lane. The farm complex is located on the northern side of the cleared portion of the property, and includes the main house, a guest house, and a barn. The main house is a 1-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with single-story ells extending to one side. The main block has a gabled roof, central chimney, clapboard siding, and a fieldstone foundation. The front is five bays wide, with a center entrance and windows that have essentially vernacular trim. The interior follows a fairly typical center-chimney plan, with a narrow vestibule in front, parlors to either side of the chimney, and a long kitchen behind with small rooms at the corners. The stairs from the vestibule to the attic are particularly unusual, rising steeply and skirting around the mass of the chimney, which shrinks in cross-section as it rises. Original woodwork and flooring are found throughout.</p><br>
<p>Land in this area was purchased in the 1760s by David Nelson, who dammed the Sheepscot River and established mills at the Head of Tide village upriver. Nelson moved to Boothbay in 1782, and this land was later taken over by his nephew Jacob, who built the farmhouse c. 1800. At one time, town records note the presence of four Nelson family farms in the area, of which this one is the last to survive. The property was purchased by Henry and Woodbury Parsons, for whom the property is now named. The Cape-style farmhouse is one of the best-preserved of Alna&#39;s surviving pre-1825 buildings.</p><br>
<p>The Noble Block is a historic commercial building at 186 Water Street in downtown Augusta, Maine. Built in 1867, it is one of a series of four Italianate commercial buildings built in the wake of a devastating 1865 fire. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Noble Block stands on the west side of Water Street, Augusta&#39;s principal commercial downtown thoroughfare, just south of its junction with Bridge Street. It is the third of a series of four three-story brick Italianate commercial buildings, running south from that corner, which share a common roof line. Its ground floor has a single storefront, with multipane windows flanking a recessed entrance. At the outer ends are iron columns, rising to a modern awning that spans the adjacent building to the south. The upper floors are three bays wide, with rounded-arch openings housing sash windows on the second floor, and rectangular openings on the third. The third-floor windows have bracketed sills joined by brickwork, and also have joined decorative lintels. It shares a simple modillioned projecting cornice with the building to the south.</p><br>
<p>All four of these buildings were built beginning in 1865, after a fire devastated Augustas downtown. This building was designed by John C. Tibbetts, Augustas preeminent architect of the time, and was built for Thomas C. Noble. Its first floor was built in 1865, soon after the fire, and the upper floors were added in 1867. The building continues to see commercial use.</p><br>
<p>Mungana Archaeological Area is a heritage-listed former mining town at Mungana, Chillagoe, Shire of Mareeba, Queensland, Australia.It is also known as Mungana Prospect, Old Mungana Township, Mungana Township, Lady Jane Mine, Eclipse Limeworks and Cemetery, and Girofla Mine. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2008.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Mungana Archaeological Area is an aggregation of the remnants of mining and associated community infrastructure that commenced during Queensland&#39;s mining boom in the 1880s. The area was both geographically and commercially linked to the development of the nearby township of Chillagoe, which was originally settled and named in 1887 by William Atherton, the son of the famous North Queensland pioneer, John Atherton. William established a large homestead on the banks of the Chillagoe Creek in 1888 with the intention of supplying beef to the expanding mining operations of the area. The far north Queensland mining magnate, John Moffat, buoyed by reports from Atherton and others of the discovery of payable mineral deposits, visited the area in October 1888 and subsequently acquired the mineral rights over a considerable amount of the Chillagoe/Mungana area. He consolidated his position by establishing a number of smaller mining operations, including a smelter at Calcifer in 1894.</p><br>
<p>Mining at Mungana commenced in 1893-1894 when John Moffat employed 70 men to prospect the Girofla load. Full scale operations commenced in 1896 when Moffat instructed 20 men to sink a shaft at Girofla, prepare a dam and construct a smelter site. A calico township quickly grew near the mine, and was also called Girofla. The settlement soon expanded to include a small number of buildings, including three hotels. By 1897 the copper smelting machinery from Muldiva had been transferred to Girofla and the latter&#39;s population had grown to 158. Although the Girofla mine was principally a lead/silver producer, the smelter also processed other ore from a series of nearby mines associated with Moffat, including the Griffith, Dorothy, Red Dome and Lady Jane.</p><br>
<p>As mining operations in the area expanded, John Moffat, and his business partner James Smith Reid, sought to restructure their holdings in an effort to establish more manageable portions and raise capital for infrastructure investment. They initially formed the Chillagoe Proprietary Company, which acquired Moffat&#39;s leases and negotiated with the colonial government. By late 1897 the Mareeba to Chillagoe Railway Act had been passed which enabled the construction of a private railway network, ensured 1800 acres of mineral leases, waived labour conditions on the mines, and provided the government with the option to acquire the enterprise after fifty years. A new company was subsequently formed called the Chillagoe Railway and Mines Limited, which had a million pounds nominal capital. They then set about constructing the railway and the smelter, although the latter project encountered difficulties and was eventually located at the less preferred location of Chillagoe (Chillagoe smelters). Just as the rail network was nearing completion in 1901, Moffat and Reid floated the Mungana group of mines as a separate company; the Mungana (Chillagoe) Mining Co. Ltd. This company included the Girofla, Lady Jane, Griffith and Dorothy mines and their associated infrastructure. The completion of the railhead to Mungana in 1901 had a substantial impact upon the town. The township was moved from its original location opposite the Girofla mine to a newly surveyed site either side of the rail head, and was officially renamed Mungana. The Girofla smelter was closed in 1902 as ore could be easily railed to the new large smelting facility at Chillagoe.</p><br>
<p>The new township of Mungana quickly grew and had a cricket club, turf club, Progress Association, court house, library and reading room. At its peak in 1920 Mungana had six hotels, three stores, bakery, butcher, confectionary shop, drapers, post office, church, school and livery.</p><br>
<p>At the railway terminus, on the southern side of the railway formation, a stone embankment was built in 1902 by the OK Copper Mines Development Syndicate NL. The OK Mine, smelter and township complex was located to the north of Mungana and made good use of the latters new railhead. The OK Company used the siding to unloaded coke (for its smelter) and stores (for the town), and load refined copper for export. At first horses did the carrying from Mungana to OK, but in 1905 the OK Company arranged for 400 camels to take over the carriage, managed by Abdul Wades "Bourke Carrying Company", which was also a shareholder in the OK Company. Within months Abdul Wade quickly replaced the camels with traction engines to overcome labour problems and because camels were too expensive to feed and were poisoned after eating native bushes. The six traction engines each capable of hauling eight tons cost £7,000. The embankment was still being used in 1913 after the OK smelters closed and miners had to cart the ore in to Mungana themselves for railing to the Chillagoe smelters.</p><br>
<p>Despite a series of financial scandals associated with the parent Chillagoe operation and the temporary closure of its smelters, Mungana continued to develop. The Lady Jane Mine was regarded as "promising" and in 1909 new plant was installed including a Babcock boiler. The Mungana Mining Co. installed a pumping plant at Girofla in 1911 that was one of the largest in Queensland at the time and required considerable supporting infrastructure. It consisted of a beam pump with a 39-foot sweep, a tandem compound engine with an 18 foot long crank shaft and a 9-ton weight fly wheel 18 foot in diameter. Like many of its contemporaries, Mungana had a reputation as a wild frontier township. The large number of men, physical isolation and tough living conditions resulted in frequent fights and drunkenness. In October 1901 a domestic servant named Hannah Treacy was murdered by a drunken miner, Richard Henderson, who soon after committed suicide. The offender is believed to occupy one of at least three graves rumoured to exist at the end of Main Street. A formal cemetery was established approximately two kilometres from the township in the early twentieth century, consisting of both marked and unmarked graves. The oldest known burial is dated 1904. The town racetrack was also located in this area and one of the cemetery fence posts was the fourth furlong marker.</p><br>
<p>Despite the infrastructure investments, the Mungana Co. struggled and eventually collapsed. An underground fire forced the partial closure of the Lady Jane in 1909, resulting in the loss of considerable paying ore. The entire Mungana Company went into liquidation by 1914 and all the mines closed; the Lady Jane completely filling with water. The Mungana operation was subsequently purchased by the Chillagoe Company even though it was also continuing to experience financial difficulties, and the Mungana mines remained closed until they were purchased by the Queensland Government in 1919.</p><br>
<p>Government ownership of the Mungana Mines was to represent the town&#39;s civil peak, but also made it the centre of a great political scandal. When the Labor Government took over operations in 1919, Ted Theodore was Treasurer and his close friend William McCormack was Home Secretary. Theodore and McCormack had been founding members of the Australian Workers Association (AWA), which was to merge with other labour organisations in 1913 to form the powerful Australian Workers Union. They had both been active in the Chillagoe area from 1908 onwards and succeeded in establishing branches in places such as Mungana, when earlier attempts by others had failed. In 1909 the AWA initiated industrial action at Mungana resulting in pay loading concessions by the Company. Theodore was later the Member of the Queensland Legislative Assembly for Chillagoe.</p><br>
<p>When the state purchased the mines in 1919, it reopened the Girofla and Lady Jane Mines. Fred Reid, a local miner, purchased the leases for both sites while debate about their future was being discussed in Queensland Parliament. When the purchase was settled in 1922, Reid was paid in a mixture of cash and royalties. The government also spent a considerable sum dewatering and timbering the mines. It is also believed that the extant powder magazine and detonator shed were constructed during this time.</p><br>
<p>However, in 1926 the mines again closed and accusations were made that the government had spent considerably more than originally tabled in both royalties and improvements, plus it emerged that McCormack held shares in Mungana Mines Ltd. Questions were being raised about the legality and ethics of the purchase (known as the Mungana affair) and a change of government eventually led to a Royal Commission in 1930 that was critical of Theodore, McCormack, Reid and the Chillagoe Mine Manager, Goddard. Theodore and McCormack had both served as the Queensland Premier in the years after the purchase, and Theodore had since become the Australian Treasurer. Theodore resigned as Treasurer and both he and McCormack were forced to stand trial. Although eventually cleared of fraud and conspiracy charges, the Mungana Affair ended both their political careers. The Chillagoe Smelters still provided a focus for regional mining activities; however by 1943 the dearth of payable ore and the loss of workers to World War II service finally also saw its permanent closure.</p><br>
<p>After the closure of the mines Mungana struggled on as a service centre and cattle railhead. The cattle trucking yards had been built along a separate rail siding near the town in 1901. Since the establishment of Chillagoe station by the Atherton family in 1886, cattle had been an expanding industry and the Mungana trucking yards serviced not only local producers but also stations from the Gulf and Lower Cape York Peninsula, which initially droved and later trucked their stock to the rail head. Water for stock was a constant issue, especially after the closure of the mining operations. "Underground" water tanks had been established at the yards but water had to be brought in from Smelters Junction by the locomotives and then emptied into the tanks. The yards had a Buffalo Fly spray plant installed in the late 1930s or early 1940s and the water from the tanks was used primarily for its operation. An old collapsed limestone well near the yards was cleaned out in 1949 but failed to provide a reliable source. The situation grew so desperate that the Brisbane Courier Mail reported on 29 November 1949 that cattle trucked from Mungana to Cairns had been without water for two days and the future of the practice had to be considered.</p><br>
<p>Regular rail services to Mungana ceased in 1958 and only extended beyond Chillagoe when they were required for cattle. The end of rail services was the final blow to Mungana and by 1959 it had shrunk to a hotel, store, post office and seven residents. A new metal cattle holding yard for road haulage were built in the 1970s and the old wooden cattle yards became derelict. Today the Mungana Township is completely abandoned and has become a tourism destination, although some mining leases have been recently reactivated over parts of the site and a new "drive" zinc mine is being established. The powder magazine and detonator shed are the only extant buildings but substantial remnants of the rail network, building foundations, stock trucking yards, and mining operations and cemetery survive.</p><br>
<p>In 2016, the area forms part of the Chillagoe mine project of Atherton Resources Limited.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Mungana Archaeological Area consists of eight discreet areas of variable size spread over 6.5 Km2.</p><br>
<h3>Mungana Cemetery</h3><br>
<p>Commenced in the early twentieth century and located within a gazetted reserve on the northern side of Burke Developmental Road, away from the main township. Only a small number of graves are clearly marked with headstones, but physical evidence such as remnant grave furniture and east-west aligned depressions indicate the presence of numerous other graves. The area is clearly marked with a wire and post boundary fence and the entrance gate is signed.</p><br>
<h3>The Main Township and Cattle Yards</h3><br>
<p>This is the largest area and is located just south of the Burke Developmental Road. It includes many features such as the Eclipse Quarry and Lime Kiln, the railway and embankment and remnants of domestic and commercial properties, the second school, the cattle railway siding and the cattle yards. The area around the town and kiln is covered in heavy vegetation in places and many historical features are obscured. The cattle yards have been damaged through termite activity, decay and fire, but the surviving hardwood fencing is still reasonably solid and can be easily read and interpreted. The site also includes the concrete spray race and a slab for a now absent building. The associated railway line is still extant as are other pieces of railway infrastructure (e.g. signal light and track changing lever). However the tracks immediately adjacent to the yards have been heavily undermined by erosion.</p><br>
<h3>The Hospital</h3><br>
<p>Located near the top of a hill to the south of the main township, remnants includes structural elements such as concrete drains and wooden posts, plus many artefacts including but not limited to bed frames, kerosene tins and a bath.</p><br>
<h3>Girofla Mine</h3><br>
<p>This site is located to the west of hospital and directly adjacent to the southern side of the Mungana Branch Railway Line. The site includes the main mine shaft, remnants of the pump arm, a large brick and concrete tank stand, wooden posts, numerous concrete foundations, pipes, and a riveted metal chimney that has collapsed. The geography of the area is varied and includes both natural features, such as a large limestone karst above the main shaft where machinery was established, and cultural features, such as large mullock heaps. The main shaft area is fenced off for safety reasons.</p><br>
<h3>Girofla Smelter</h3><br>
<p>Located to the south of the Mine and at the base of a steep ridge, this area consists of substantial foundations, a stone wall, slag spoil and domestic dwellings. The ruined domestic dwelling is located on a hill to the south of the smelter and consists of a stone foundation platform with a thin concrete slab floor. Immediately adjacent to the floor area is a large depression in the ground that probably represents a water soak. A light scattering of surface domestic artefacts are found around the house area including bottle and ceramic fragments.</p><br>
<h3>Lady Jane Mine</h3><br>
<p>Located to the east of the Girofla Smelter and adjacent to the southern edge of the modern access road to Red-Dome, this is another large and complex area consisting of both mining and domestic features. The large main shaft is directly adjacent to the aforementioned road and is fenced off for safety. All around the shaft are numerous mining artefacts and features including machinery foundations, metal pipes, and a tramway with remnant wooden sleepers, kerosene tins and numerous bricks/brickwork. To the south-west of the mine shaft are two ruined domestic dwellings. These are associated with light artefact scatters and the most eastern has a frangipani tree immediately adjacent to the concrete floor. This dwelling is also located near large U-shaped winding foundations made of concrete.</p><br>
<h3>Old Mungana or Girofla Township</h3><br>
<p>Located to the north of Lady Jane Mine on the other side of the modern road, this site consists of series of features and artefact scatters associated with the early township. Artefacts consist of ceramics and glass and date from the late nineteenth century to the mid 1930s, possibly indicating continued use of the area for a considerable period after the township moved in 1901.</p><br>
<h3>Mungana Magazines and Access Route</h3><br>
<p>Located within the Chillagoe Mungana Caves National Park to the north of the old Mungana/Girofla Township, this area contains the only extant buildings within the archaeological area. The two magazines are different in size and are located immediately adjacent to each other. The smaller structure measures 2040 mm width, x 2100 mm breadth x 2270 mm height and was used for housing detonators. The larger building measures 4100 mm width x 5370mm breadth x 2650 mm height and was used for housing explosives. Both structures are of a similar design, with a corrugated iron gabled roof and whitewashed exterior walls. Both are constructed of a single course of hollow blocks, which are believed to have been handmade locally. The missing roof on the explosives magazine was replaced in 2000 with a free standing metal framed roof. The magazines are located away from the former township and behind a series of limestone karsts. Access is via a road between two of the line karsts. The road still exhibits scars from the blasting and drilling required during the construction process.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Mungana Archaeological Area was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 11 December 2008 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The Mungana Archaeological Area is important in demonstrating the role of the mining industry to the development of far north Queensland and the settlement of the area by non-indigenous people. The peak in its economic life occurred with John Moffat&#39;s Chillagoe Company and the State run enterprises of the 1920s. It struggled on for another five decades serving the cattle industry in the Gulf of Carpentaria.</p><br>
<p>The former Mungana Township and railway terminus situated within the Mungana Archaeological Area are important in Queensland&#39;s history as a major development associated with the Chillagoe Mineral Field. The Mareeba to Mungana Railway line was the only successful large-scale state/private partnership in railway development between 1860 and 1900. The Girofla and lady Jane Mines were substantial operations, forming an important part in the network of mines that provided ore to the Chillagoe Smelters. The pumping plant installed at the Girofla Mine in 1911 was one of the largest of its type in Queensland at the time and represented an important attempt to deal with the ground water issues that plagued the district.</p><br>
<p>Despite extensive searches, only limited archival records concerning the activities at Mungana survive. The archaeological record of Mungana has the potential to answer a range of important research questions about Queensland&#39;s history through its material remains, especially potential for providing a rare opportunity to examine a complete community for its entire duration. All aspects of the town and mining operation survive in some form. Identifiable areas of archaeological interest include the mining infrastructure foundations and ruins, boilers, railway and tramlines, culverts, bottle dumps, domestic remains, a lime kiln, explosives stores, blasted access roads, a cemetery, a school, wells, a hospital site (including associated artefacts), cattle yards and public venues such as hotels. Artefactual material has been identified in a variety of environments throughout the area, including surface and subsurface deposits and natural depressions. Although there has been some disturbance of the site, its size and relative isolation has ensured a high degree of overall archaeological integrity.</p><br>
<p>The Mungana Archaeological Area has the potential to answer important research questions associated with how the community developed, interacted, traded and survived. Information about the history of the township and the lives of its occupants would therefore be substantially enhanced through future research. For example, preliminary archaeological analysis demonstrates that although the township of Girofla was officially moved to the current site of Mungana in 1901, artefactual evidence suggests the former continued to be occupied into the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The Mungana Archaeological Area has the potential to answer important research questions about the collective experiences of isolated mining communities in far north Queensland in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. There are many abandoned mining townships across Queensland and the far North in particular. The archaeological artefacts and potential artefact deposits within the Mungana Archaeological Area provide a strong basis for comparative analysis with other townships and mining operations, even if they are not as comprehensively preserved, to establish a better understanding of behaviour processes and industry norms in such communities.</p><br>
<p>The Mungana Archaeological Area has additional research potential to reveal important information about Queenslands history, including questions associated with gender, class, demographics, health, industry the labour movement and entertainment. Such questions could potentially be further refined in terms of the townships periods of free enterprise and state ownership.</p><br>
<p>Lolworth Creek Battery is a heritage-listed stamper battery at Basalt , Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built from to. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 June 2003.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Lolworth Creek workings, also known as Mount Hope, officially produced about 7,584 oz of gold from quartz veins in granite country rock. Unfortunately, there is only a relatively small area free from the thick basalt which covers all but the mined area north of the creek. The workings are located in four groups of leases: Mount Hope and Crystal Oak on the north, and the Toby Creek group to the south. Government geologist W.E. Cameron inspected the reefs in 1920 and thought they might be profitably worked if they were equipped with inexpensive plant and opened out.</p><br>
<p>Auriferous copper was discovered in 1926 by W.H. Shetland in the Crystal Oak mine and the hand picked ore was railed to Charters Towers for treatment between 1928 and 1930. By mid 1931 76m of sinking and driving on lode material had resulted in 37 tons of picked gold and copper-bearing ore from about 700 tons of actual material broken. This just paid costs.</p><br>
<p>The Lucky Hit mineral claim near Mount Hope was the second to be pegged on the Lolworth Creek field and caused a mild influx of diggers. By late 1932 between 40 and 50 claims had been applied for.</p><br>
<p>The battery was erected on the northern bank of Lolworth Creek, opposite its confluence with Brandy Creek, sometime between mid 1930 and 1932, when there are reports of tonnage from various claims (such as Campbell&#39;s Hope Extended) awaiting crushing. It is not known for how long the battery operated, but about 60 small gold mines operated to the south during the 1930s and records of yields of gold per ounce from tons of ore suggest that local crushing continued up to 1938.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The place is situated on the northern bank of Lolworth Creek at the base of a steep spur that forms a horseshoe bend in the creek. The place contains an intact five head stamp battery alongside a two- cylinder portable steam engine. Both items are located within the partly intact bush-timber frame of a battery shed. All corrugated iron cladding has been removed from the shed frame. Three earth settling tanks reinforced with bush timber are located on the creek bank below the shed. A concreted ford across the creek serves as a low dam. The remains of a tailings sands dump and cyanide treatment area are also located on the creek bank. Above the battery there is evidence of a campsite including the remains of a wood stove. An almost intact weighbridge with scales is a feature of this area.</p><br>
<p>Surviving plant includes:</p><br>
<p>Five head stamp battery - Burns & Twigg Engineers Rockhampton</p><br>
<p>Two-cylinder portable steam engine - no brand (Brown & May, Devizes?)</p><br>
<p>Weighbridge platform - no brand (H. Pooley & Son)</p><br>
<p>Scales - H. Pooley & Son Patentees Liverpool.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>Lolworth Creek Battery was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 14 June 2003 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The stamp battery is a representative, but now rare product of the local manufacturers, Burns & Twigg of Rockhampton. The two-cylinder portable steam engine is also rare and may be a product of engineers Brown & May of Devizes. The place also contains a rare surviving weighbridge with scales.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>The Lolworth Creek battery is significant as a representative example of a small isolated battery and power plant of late 19th century design and manufacture still in use in the 1930s.</p><br>
<p>The bush-timber frame of the battery shed is partly intact. Below the shed on the creek bank are three earth concentrate tanks which, with a group of rendered stone cyanide tanks and tailings sands, illustrate the crude processing technology.</p><br>
<p>There is also evidence of a camp, including a metal wood stove.</p><br>
<p>The place is important because of its aesthetic significance.</p><br>
<p>The combination of surface ruins and natural setting creates a significant historical landscape.</p><br>
<p>Sehested Fjord ) is a fjord of the King Frederick VI Coast in the Sermersooq municipality, southeastern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Sehested Fjord is located north of Timmiarmiut Fjord. To the east it opens into the North Atlantic Ocean with Uiivaq and the entrance of Kattertooq Fjord on the northern side of its mouth and Griffenfeld Island on the southern side. Annat Fjord, with Tasiusaq Bay on its western side, is an inlet on the northern shore of the fjord located 17 km from its mouth. Sikuijuitsoq is another small tributary fjord branching from the Sehested Fjord on the southern shore opposite Annat Fjord.</p><br>
<p>This fjord has large, active glaciers at its head. The Rimfaxe, Guldfaxe and Ygdrasil glaciers have their confluence shortly before their terminus at the northwestern end of the fjord.</p><br>
<p>Flowing from the west, the Garm glacier has two branches near its terminus, one flowing southwards into the Ernineq Fjord of the Timmiarmiut fjord system and the other eastwards into the Sikuijuitsoq, the southern branch of the Sehested Fjord.</p><br>
<h3>Mountains</h3><br>
<p>There are high mountains on both sides of the fjord. 1,539 m high Peberbøssen, a prominent peak, rises on the King Dan Peninsula (Kong Dan Halvø) on the northern side near the entrance.</p><br>
<p>Eureka Hotel is a heritage-listed hotel at Hervey Range Road, Hervey Range, Charters Towers Region, Queensland, Australia. It was built. It was added to the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The first recorded licensee, Charles Saville Rowe, was operating from the hotel in 1865. It was built at the top of Thorntons Gap on Herveys Range to accommodate travellers moving down to the plains at Townsville and up to the new gold fields and pastoral leases west and north of Charters Towers. The hotel was first known as the Eureka, as the Sanatorium by, as Rolfe&#39;s in then as the Eureka from 1884-1886 and finally as the Range from 1886.</p><br>
<p>William James Rolfe became the licensee in and he or members of his family were responsible for the name changes for the next thirty three years. After acquiring the property in 1875 William Rolfe erected another building of sawn timber while retaining the original structure. The second building was moved to a property in the Upper Ross area sometime this century and was later destroyed by a bushfire.</p><br>
<p>After the licence was surrendered sometime after 1908 the building was owned by the Moodie family who used it as refreshment rooms and a dance hall. It was later acquired by the Fryer family, early landholders in the region, and sold to the present owners in 1984.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Eureka Hotel is a colonial period structure built of ironbark with a gabled roof of modern corrugated iron over the central core of three rooms. The encircling verandahs are enclosed with asbestos cement sheeting and covered with a skillion roof. The horizontal slab structure, which is raised on low, round ironbark stumps and massive half round timber bearers fixed with wooden pegs, is a rare example of bush carpentry.</p><br>
<p>It would normally have had an earthen floor, but has been raised and a timber floor added. There are no ceilings in the core: all rooms are open to the unlined iron roof, while the walls of the largest room are lined with asbestos-cement sheeting. The building stands in well tended modern gardens of trees, shrubs and plants popular in the early part of this century. Behind the structure is a modern rectangular building which is used as a kitchen/livingroom by the present owner. Behind and to the left of this structure is an old shed and post and rail stock yards.</p><br>
<h2>Heritage listing</h2><br>
<p>The former Eureka Hotel was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 21 October 1992 having satisfied the following criteria.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland&apos;s history.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a particular class of cultural places.</p><br>
<p>It is a good example of the early shanty style of hotel and its significance is enhanced because of its association with the development of the mining and pastoral industries in Northern and Far Northern Queensland.</p><br>
<p>The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland&apos;s cultural heritage.</p><br>
<p>The place is important in demonstrating a high degree of creative or technical achievement at a particular period.</p><br>
<p>The Eureka Hotel is representative of a transitional type of construction which led to the development of the Queensland vernacular style of architecture and, together with the Bowen River Hotel, it is a rare survivor of this early bush carpentry period of construction.</p><br>
<p>Kattertooq, meaning where there is much blue ice in the Greenlandic language,) is a fjord of the King Frederick VI Coast in the Sermersooq municipality, southeastern Greenland.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Kattertooq is located north of the King Dan Peninsula (Kong Dan Halvø). It is oriented in a NW/SE direction and has a tributary fjord branching eastwards 25 km from its mouth. To the east it opens into the North Atlantic Ocean with Uiivaq island on the northern and the entrance of Sehested Fjord (Uummannap Kangertiva) and Griffenfeld Island on the southern side of its mouth.</p><br>
<p>This fjord has a large, active glacier at its head, the Skinfaxe Glacier, which has its terminus in the fjord shortly after its confluence with the Tjasses Glacier joining it from the east.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Uivaq is a Paleo-Eskimo archaeological site near the entrance to a sound on Kattertooq&#39;s northern coast.</p><br>
<p>The caves of Arcy-sur-Cure are a series of caves located on the commune of Arcy-sur-Cure, Burgundy, France. Some of them contained archaeological artefacts, from the Mousterian to Gallo-Roman times.</p><br>
<p>Some hold remarkable parietal art, the second oldest presently known after those of the Chauvet cave. Another notable characteristic of these caves is the time-long series of pollen, related to determined and consistent archaeological levels.</p><br>
<p>Between 1947 and 1963, they were searched by the French prehistorians Arlette and André Leroi-Gourhan. Listed monument historique (Heritage Monument) in 1992, they are partially open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>Location and description</h2><br>
<p>Arcy-sur-Cure is 30 km south-east of Auxerre, in the Yonne departement. The caves are 1.3 km south of Arcy-sur-Cure, on the left bank of the river Cure. At this place the river has meandered through the coral limestone substrate, creating a valley bordered by crests standing 125 m up from the present river bed. The caves are in a meander and on the outer side of it where the flow is at its strongest. Most of them are south-orientated, with the most western ones slightly turned towards the south-east. At that place the erosional valley shows very steep sides, in some parts akin to cliffs. Several caves are distributed along some 800 m of the valley’s side, at various levels.</p><br>
<p>Following its inhabitants from the Lower Palaeolithic culture in the Pleistocene era, the caves have sheltered Neanderthals from the Middle Palaeolithic (Mousterian and Châtelperronian); those have left behind them circular huts supported by mammoth tusks. Modern humans followed, with Aurignacians, Gravettians, Proto-Solutreans and Magdalenians. All in all the caves were inhabited up to the Middle Ages.</p><br>
<p>They are privately owned by Mr. Gabriel de la Varende, who allows and has actively supported archaeologic research from the beginning.</p><br>
<p>Originally open at both ends, collapsing ground closed one of the caves when the underground water flow sharply diminished. This cave now ends with basins at ground level formed by limestone deposits left by the water.</p><br>
<p>There are several lakes.</p><br>
<h3>List of caves and shelters</h3><br>
<p>Fifteen cavities at various altitudes and of various locations, sizes and contents, are grouped in that bend of the river:</p><br>
<p>Great cave (Grande Grotte)</p><br>
<p>Lagopède shelter (abri du Lagopède)</p><br>
<p>Horse cave (grotte du Cheval)</p><br>
<p>Hyena cave (grotte de l&#39;Hyène)</p><br>
<p>Trilobite cave (grotte du Trilobite), higher than the two caves on each side (Hyena’s and Bear’s); its entrance is framed with two natural stone walls. Its name comes from a trilobite fossil found in it by Dr. Ficatier from Auxerre.</p><br>
<p>Bear cave (grotte de l’Ours)</p><br>
<p>Reindeer cave (grotte du Renne)</p><br>
<p>Schoepflin gallery (galerie de Schoepflin)</p><br>
<p>Bison cave (grotte du Bison)</p><br>
<p>Wolf cave (grotte du Loup)</p><br>
<p>Lion cave (grotte du Lion)</p><br>
<p>Fairies cave (grotte des Fées)</p><br>
<p>Two Flows cave (grotte des Deux Cours)</p><br>
<p>Small shelter, Large shelter (Petit abri, Grand abri)</p><br>
<p>Goulettes cave (grotte des Goulettes)</p><br>
<p>The Horse cave (grotte du Cheval) is about 60 m long.</p><br>
<h2>Parietal art</h2><br>
<p>Prehistoric parietal paintings were discovered by Pierre Guilloré in April 1990 in the Great cave, protected by a thin layer of lime/calcite sediments hiding them from view. But engravings of animals (among which several mammoths in the Horse cave) are recorded at the latest in 1946.</p><br>
<p>Unfortunately, some of the paintings were destroyed by regular cleanings of the cave’s walls with high-pressurized water sprays between 1976 and 1990. At the time no-one thought that under the black smoke layer – at least some of it having come from torches carried during past centuries&#39; visits –, prehistoric paintings could exist under a thin layer of lime sediments hiding them from view.</p><br>
<p>Made on walls in cave rooms located 300 to 500 m away from the entrance, the paintings are 28,000 years old for the oldest, according to radiocarbon dating measures on charcoal remains discovered in these cave rooms in the corresponding strata. Thus they are the second oldest after the Chauvet Cave (31,000 years old), well before those of Lascaux (15,000 to 18,000 years old); but they cannot compare with the latter in their quantity, as only 160 of them have been found so far, against over 400 in the Chauvet cave and about 1,900 in that of Lascaux.</p><br>
<p>The paintings were executed with ochre and charcoal. One finds there at the same time some hands of men, women and children, and some representations of animals.</p><br>
<p>The hands are negative hands: they are represented by outlines and not by their surface. One knows precisely today that at least one hand was drawn with some ochre with the help of a pipette.</p><br>
<p>To represent animals, the first European Homo sapiens often chose parts of the walls of which the relief, under the torches flickering lighting, would come out as shapes that reminded of the animals anatomy, such as eyes or the antlers of large deer. They then used the paint sparingly, drawing only the elements that the relief did not show. Only the animals&#39; outlines were generally represented, the inside being left entirely blank.</p><br>
<p>Here the animals&#39; feet are often open, a feature which is characteristic to these caves. They are generally portrayed with one leg at the front and one leg at the rear.</p><br>
<p>Among the most interesting paintings, one finds a mammoth drawn entirely and a prehistoric stag whose antlers could be 4 meters tall (Megaloceros giganteus), partially depicted while using reliefs in the wall. Other animals also appear among the paintings, such as bear and woolly rhinoceros.</p><br>
<h3>Speleothems and calcite deposits</h3><br>
<p>The lowest parts of the caves are regularly filled with water. One finds there stalagmites, stalactites, columns, draperies and the Virgin&#39;s room.</p><br>
<p>One of the lakes shows a remarkable phenomenon of limestone deposit that covers the surface of the water, falls to the bottom then periodically comes back up to the surface. This phenomenon is still poorly understood, but does not seem directly due to bacteria. Some parts of this phenomenon are akin to calcite rafts.</p><br>
<p>The stalactites grow at the noticeable rate of about 1 cm every 100 years.</p><br>
<p>Engraved figures on some walls are in plain sight, totally untouched by calcite deposits; whereas such deposits can appear mere inches away from the engravings in some cases. When they do exist these wall deposits grow very quickly. The Horse cave is typical of such behaviour.</p><br>
<h2>Fauna</h2><br>
<p>The caves are home to at least five species of bats.</p><br>
<p>Driven away by visits to the main cave, they were provided a new shelter. Access has been closed to visitors.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Excavations started in the middle of the 19th century in the Fairies cave with their then owner the marquis de Vibraye. In his wake, the abbé Parat studied the main stratigraphic sequences in the caves and those of Saint-Moré 1,500 m upriver. Then from 1946 onward professor Leroy-Gourand and his team worked in the Hyena cave, Reindeer cave, Bison cave and Lagopede cave.</p><br>
<p>Dug by the Cure river in a limestone massif from the Mesozoic (secondary era), the caves were used as shelter by humans since at least 200,000 years ago. The oldest traces of human presence were stone tools found at the bottom of the cave of the Hyena (grotte de la Hyène), from Neanderthals during the Mousterian (Middle Paleolithic, the middle part of the European Old Stone Age). These were accompanied by bones of hippopotamus, beaver and land tortoise.</p><br>
<p>Following the time-line, the next stratum is contemporary to the Riss glaciation in the Alps region (corresponding to the Illinoian in America) and contains few artefacts, still in the same cave of the Hyena. The Riss ice age was marked by two glaciations and one interglacial episode in between. During this Riss-Würm interglacial, the river flooded the cave of the Hyena but not continuously: remains of human habitat were found in the 2.5 m thick layer of deposits that it left behind. The sand present in the Reindeer cave (grotte du Renne) is thought to have been deposited at the same period.</p><br>
<p>In these two caves, the next (more recent) layers (Würm stage 1) are rich in Mousterian artifacts; some human remains, notably part of a maxilla and a part of mandible, have been found in the earliest deposits of that stage.</p><br>
<p>After that first layer of the Würm stage 1 came a period of high humidity and of floodings; the river lever rose by several meters. The lower caves were flooded and the higher ones eroded. At that period some water filtered through the caves’ ceiling, draining with it some older sediments and bringing some anomalies in the series of pollen analysis. Thus some pollens (essentially tropical ferns pollens) from the Secondary era were found between two Mousterian layers. This phenomenon has also been found in some places in south-west France and in Provence.</p><br>
<p>Following this very damp period are a high number of Mousterian strata, notably in the Reindeer cave, the Bison cave and the Schoepflin gallery that prolongs them by 30 meters.</p><br>
<p>The Reindeer cave (grotte du Renne) holds the richest Châtelperronian collection known to date, notably famous for its bone and ivory works.</p><br>
<h2>Surroundings</h2><br>
<p>1,500 m upriver, on the right bank of the Cure, is the Cora site (site Cora or camp Cora). This 25 hectare camp was populated around 6,000 years ago (Neolithic followed by a fortified Gaul village then a Gallo-Roman fort) is next to another set of caves similar to those of Arcy and that were also already occupied over 200,000 years ago in a similar situation (coral limestone, high steep bank, concave side of a meander),</p><br>
<p>the fontaine de Saint-Moré (Saint-Moré spring), a Merovingian sarcophagus quarry and a Roman villa.</p><br>
<p>The fontaine de Saint-Moré was long considered as sacred and drew many processions, pilgrims and supplicants in its time.</p><br>
<p>The Via Agrippa from Lyon to Boulogne-sur-Mer passed 1 km to the west of the caves,</p><br>
<p>The GR footpath no. 13(fr) passes right at the top of the cliffs on the same river side as the caves of Arcy-sur-Cure, joining Fontainebleau (Seine-et-Marne, Île-de-France region) to Bourbon-Lancy (Saône-et-Loire, south-west of the Burgundy region).</p><br>
<p>The Small Point Club is a historic private social club at 64 Club Road in the Small Point area of Phippsburg, Maine. Built in 1896 as part of a summer development started by Joseph Homan Manley, it is a fine local example of Victorian Stick and Shingle style architecture, designed by Maine native Joseph L. Neal. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Small Point Club is located near the end of Club Road, a spur road leading to the shore on the Small Point peninsula, the southernmost tip of Phippsburg. It is set on the east side of the road and overlooks the Gulf of Maine. It is a three-story wood frame structure, with its main block oriented east-west, and a secondary two-story service wing attached to the southwest corner, oriented north-south. Its sections are covered by gabled roofs, with cross-gables on the eaves supported by large brackets. The exterior is clad in patterned wooden shingles, and a single-story covered porch wraps around the north, east, and south sides of the eastern half of the building. The first floor is dedicated to public spaces (a large living room area to the east), with bedrooms on the upper floors.</p><br>
<p>The club, founded in 1895, was the brainchild of several prominent summer residents of the small summer colony developed by Joseph Homan Manley. Early members of the club included (in addition to Manley) Arthur Sewall, the 1896 Democratic candidate for Vice President of the United States. The club was conceived of as a place "for our mutual social intercourse". The clubhouse was designed by Wiscasset native Joseph L. Neal, and was built in 1895; it is one of his few known commissions in Maine. His original design called for a more elaborate Stick style exterior.</p><br>
<p>The Josiah K. Parsons Homestead is a historic house overlooking Greenleaf Cove in Westport, Maine. Built in 1792 by a veteran of the American Revolutionary War, it is a well-preserved example of early Federal period architecture. The property also includes an early 19th-century trading post with original fixtures, and was used in the 20th century for pioneering research in the neurophysiology and communications capabilities of dolphins by John C. Lilly. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Parsons Homestead stands on the east side of the rural island community of Westport, overlooking Greenleaf Cove; it is located at the end of Baker Road, off Main Road (Maine State Route 144). The house is a 2-1/2 story wood-frame structure, with a single-story ell extending to the rear. The main block faces east, and has a symmetrical five-bay front, with a center entrance flanked by pilasters and topped by an entablature and cornice. The roof is gabled, and the walls are clapboarded. Located close to the water is a single-story wood-frame Cape style structure, which served as a trading post in the 19th century; its interior retains original store furnishings. Close to the trading post is the former site of a dolphin pool, which was an oval concrete structure measuring 50 x.</p><br>
<p>The house was built in 1792 by Josiah Parsons, a York native and veteran of the American Revolutionary War. Parsons was one of the town&#39;s largest landowners, and his trading post was for many years the only retail establishment on the island. The property was purchased in 1964 by scientist John C. Lilly, who constructed the dolphin pool (since removed), and performed some of his groundbreaking research on human and dolphin hearing here.</p><br>
<p>Bramfelder See is a lake in Steilshoop, Hamburg, Germany which is named after the nearby former village of Bramfeld. It is fed by several springs, among others from the former swamp of Prökelmoor, located today on the compound of nearby Ohlsdorf Cemetery. Bramfelder See extends to a length of 1.2km and to a width of between 100 and 400m, and to a depth of up to 3m. Four islands are located in the lake. The stream of Seebek flows from the lake in a southerly direction.</p><br>
<p>In the night of 17 to 18 January 2010 unknown perpetrators broke the lock at the outlet sluice and let the water under the ice of the lake drain into Seebek stream. As a result, the majority of the fish population died. The Sport Fishing Association Elbe e.V. feared that it will take years until the lake is recovering from this disaster.</p><br>
<p>The Twing Bucknam House is a historic house on United States Route 5 south of the main village of Windsor, Vermont. Built about 1840, it is a modest brick house with a combination of features that is unique to the state and the surrounding communities. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1996.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Twing Bucknam House stands on the east side of US 5, about 0.25 mi south of the southern edge of Windsor village. It is set on a built-out terrace that drops off toward the Connecticut River to the east. A railroad bridge crosses the river east of the house. The house has two parts: the street-facing front block is a 1-1/2 story brick-veneered post-and-beam structure, with a front-facing gable roof and end chimneys, while the rear section, built below the terrace, is a 2-1/2 story mid-20th century wood frame structure with a garage at the ground level. The roof of the front section has elongated eaves, extending over side porches supported by square columns. The front facade is three bays wide, with a recessed entrance in the right bay. The recess has paneled sides, and the door is flanked by sidelight windows. The north and south sides each have secondary entrances, and the interior is arranged in a cruciform hall plan.</p><br>
<p>The houses construction date is uncertain. The 30 acre parcel it was originally part of includes the western abutment of the railroad bridge went through a series of owners, many of them absentee, during the 1830s and 1840s. The house was in all likelihood standing when Twing Bucknam purchased the property in 1847. The houses builder and designer are unknown, but the extended eaves and side porches are extremely rare features, unknown on other surviving period buildings in the state, or in the region across the river in New Hampshire.</p><br>
<p>Kong Svends Høj  is a passage grave on the island of Lolland in Denmark, immediately north of Pederstrup. The chamber in the mound is 12.5 m long and it is one of Denmarks largest and most famous passage graves.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Kong Svends Høj consists of a large, rectangular mound covering a chamber 12.5 m in length. The mound is surrounded by kerbstones, which, with a height of around 1.5 m, are among the tallest recorded in a Neolithic tomb.</p><br>
<p>The first excavations were attempted in 1780 by a Danish prime minister and a pastor&#39;s son who later became bishop of Copenhagen. The tomb was first restored in 1942, when the entrance was discovered. The tomb is thought to date to the middle Neolithic period, circa 3200 BC.</p><br>
<p>The Washington Downtown Historic District is a nationally recognized historic district located in Washington, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2013. The historic district is located in the original town plat, and covers the city&#39;s central business district. Washington was platted in 1839 as the county seat for Washington County. Central Park, the town square, is the earliest contributing resource having been platted with the original town. It is the contributing site and contains the two contributing objects: the 1931 Civil War monument and the 1939 fountain. The Washington County Courthouse was located here from 1845 to 1869, when it was relocated to its present location a block away. It is one of the contributing buildings. The oldest extant buildings date to the 1850s.</p><br>
<p>The district contains a mix of civic and commercial buildings, fraternal clubs, churches, warehouses, automobile related services, utility companies, theaters, and a newspaper office. The civic buildings include the courthouse, county jail and sheriffs residence, post office, and the public library (both the old and new buildings). The period of significance is from 1839, when the original town was platted, to 1966 when the jail/sheriffs residence was built. The oldest buildings are second generation buildings that replaced frame and log structures, and date to the arrival of the railroad into Washington. The late 19th century and early 20th century was a significant period of new construction and the remodeling of the older buildings. The importance of the automobile was felt beginning in the 1920s. The 1950s and the 1960s was another period of prosperity, and building. Late 19th and early 20th century revival styles and the various Late Victorian styles are dominant.</p><br>
<p>Kastelli Giants Church  is a prehistoric stone enclosure situated near Pattijoki in the Northern Ostrobothnia region of Finland. It is one of the largest of forty such "Giants Churches" to be found in this region of Finland. It dates to around 2000 BC.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Giant&#39;s Church at Kastelli is a rectangular stone enclosure measuring around 60 by 35 metres. The walls are seven metres wide and survive to a height of two metres. There are six gateways. When built it would have been on a rocky shoreline. The enclosure is surrounded by more than twenty stone cairns. Holes found in the area may have been for the storing of killed animals.</p><br>
<p>The site was excavated in the 1920s; it has been dated to around 2000 BC.</p><br>
<p>Floral Hall is a historic building located at the Shelby County Fairgrounds in Harlan, Iowa, United States. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1985. It is composed of four identical 18 by sections organized around a 18 ft-square central section, which is capped with a square cupola. Both the building and the cupola are capped with a gable roof. The exhibition hall was built by the Shelby County Agricultural Society, who organized the agricultural fair in 1869. They bought the present fairgrounds in 1879, and this building was built sometime between that year and 1882 to house exhibits that were of interest to women. Over the years it has housed a variety of exhibits. The Shelby County Fair Association took over the fair in 1891</p><br>
<p>Mount Paatusoq, also known as Mount Patuersoq, is the highest mountain in the Kujalleq municipality, SE Greenland.</p><br>
<p>It is the highest peak in the King Frederick VI Coast area of far southeastern Greenland. Long considered the highest unclimbed peak in remote southern Greenland, it was climbed by the 1962 Austro-German Greenland Expedition (Österreichische Deutsche Grönland Expedition 1962) led by Austrian alpinist Toni Dürnberger from April to July 1962.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Rising on the northern side of the inner end of Paatusoq fjord Mount Paatusoq is an isolated peak in a very remote and uninhabited location. This mighty mountain rises steeply from the glacier located north of the nunatak at the glacier confluence that has its terminus in Paatusoq fjord 10 km to the ESE.</p><br>
<p>In the western part of Paatusoq fjord the mountain ranges on both sides of the fjord rise steeply from the shore to heights of about 2,000 m. The massive succession of mountains on the northern side culminates in this magnificent ultra-prominent peak towering to a height of 2,488 m above the glacier at the head of the fjord.</p><br>
<p>This mountain is marked as a 8,238 ft peak in the Defense Mapping Agency Greenland Navigation charts and as a 8,990 ft mountain in other sources.</p><br>
<p>Geologically the western end of the range and the mountains in the nunatak south of it are part of the Paatusoq Syenite Complex.</p><br>
<p>The Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad Stone Arch Viaduct, also known as the Old Stone Arch, is located northeast of Shelby, Iowa, United States. The span carried the Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad tracks over Little Silver Creek. It measures 35 ft from the water level to the deck, 20 ft in width, and 30 ft in length. The bridge has flanking wingwalls that measure 40 ft in length. Limestone for the bridge was quarried near Earlham, Iowa and transported by train to the site. It is one of two such bridges known to exist in Shelby County. The Rock Island was the first railroad to enter the county, and continued to operate here into the 1950s. At that time they abandoned the line when the Atlantic cutoff was built providing a more direct route between Atlantic, Iowa and Council Bluffs. While the tracks were removed, the stone arch, the railroad grade, and the right-of-way were left intact. They are now part of the Rock Island Old Stone Arch Nature Trail. The bridge was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<p>Three Fingers is a mountain located in Snohomish County, Washington. At a height of 6,859 ft, it is the 43rd-tallest mountain in the state, and is also part of the Cascade Range. The name "Three Fingers" refers to the mountain&#39;s three summits. It is a prominent and recognizable landmark in northern Snohomish County.</p><br>
<p>The first ascent of the mountain came in 1929, by Darrington-based mountaineers Harry Bedal and Harold Engles. A fire lookout was built on the southernmost peak by Bedal, Engels, and Frank Benesh, and was seasonally staffed from 1933 until 1942. Supposedly, the top 15 ft of the southern peak was blasted for the cabin, lowering the mountain&#39;s height in the process.</p><br>
<p>The mountain is used for recreational climbing, with a 15 mi round-trip trail originating on the east side at a trailhead on the Mountain Loop Highway.</p><br>
<p>The Three Fingers Lookout is a historic fire observation building on one of the summits of Three Fingers Mountain in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest, Snohomish County, Washington. Built in 1930 in an extremely challenging location, it is one of the oldest surviving observation posts in the forest. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1987, and is now maintained by a local climbing group.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Three Fingers are a prominently visible peak in the Darrington Ranger District in central northern Snohomish County. Set on top of the southernmost pinnacles of the peak&#39;s eponymous three summits, is a one-room wood frame cabin measuring 14 x. Its wooden floor is bolted directly to the rock, and the structure is further held in place by guy cables attached to nearby rock outcrops. The exterior is finished in wooden clapboards. Windows are either fixed sash or casement, with operable shutters supported by extremely heavy duty metal parts. The shutters on the south and west faces are not original, those having blown off in the high winds that frequent the setting. The interior is finished in original beadboard paneling on the walls and ceiling. A chain with turnbuckle is mounted at the ceiling level, joining the east and west walls as a means to strengthen the building against lateral wind forces. The exterior is also fitted with a lightning protection system.</p><br>
<p>The lookout was built over a three-year period between 1930 and 1932 by Harold Engles and Fred Benesh. Engles and Harry Bedel had first scaled the peak in 1929, to investigate its feasibility as a fire observation site, given its visual prominence. The site was prepared by blasting 15 ft off the top of the pinnacle to create a level foundation. Construction materials were brought by pack animals to with 600 ft of the summit, and transported via a tram system to the work site, which was accessed by a series of ropes and ladders. The building is a nearly standard example of an L-4 Forest Service lookout, lacking only an outside catwalk due to the site geography. Engles and Benesh had originally planned to place a smaller D-5 lookout, a 12 x structure that was standard until 1929. The building is one of two L-4 models still standing in Mount Baker-Snoqualmie National Forest.</p><br>
<p>The building was staffed seasonally between 1933 and 1942, and was the abandoned for financial reasons. A local mountaineering group has taken over its maintenance.</p><br>
<p>The roof was replaced in 2015 using materials delivered via helicopter by the Snohomish County Sheriff&#39;s Office.</p><br>
<p>The Sail Loft is a historic commercial building on Front Street in the Tenants Harbor village of St. George, Maine. Built in 1860, it is one of the only surviving buildings from the village&#39;s 19th-century heyday as a shipbuilding center. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1977.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Sail Loft is located in the village of Tenants Harbor, on the north side of Front Street and south of Maine State Route 131 (from which it is separated by an athletic field). It is a rectangular 2-1/2 story wood frame building, with a gabled roof, clapboard siding, and granite foundation. It has a few touches of Greek Revival styling, including corner pilasters and corner returns at the gables. Fenestration is somewhat regular, with seven bays containing sash windows and doors on the long sides, and two bays on the ends. One end has a second-story materials entrance, and there are windows at the attic level in the gables.</p><br>
<p>The village of Tenants Harbor was a significant shipbuilding center in St. George between about 1820 and 1870, when more than 70 coasting schooners were built in local shipyards. The Sail Loft was built in 1860 by Robert Long, and originally housed a ships chandlery on the ground floor, a sail loft on the second, and a woodworking shop in the attic. Longs son was engaged in the shipbuilding trade, building seven vessels on the waterfront just south of the building. The building&#39;s ground floor is still fitted with original store fixtures.</p><br>
<p>The Stephen Parsons House is a historic house on Old Mill Road in Edgecomb, Maine. Built in 1806 by a prominent local businessman and politician, it is a fine local example of Federal period architecture. Its interior includes extensive decorative stencilwork in the main hall. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Stephen Parsons House is located in a rural setting, at the end of Old Mill Road southwest of the village center of Edgecomb. The house is oriented facing south, with Parsons Creek just to the west. It is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a hip roof, two interior chimneys, and clapboard siding. The main facade is five bays wide, with a center entrance flanked by sidelight windows and topped by a semi-oval Federal period fan. The interior follows a central hall plan, with the main hall (on both floors) extensively decorated with ivy-patterned stencil work. Floors throughout are original wide pine, and the main parlor features a coved ceiling and recessed bookcases whose woodwork matches the interior window trim.</p><br>
<p>Stephen Parsons moved to Edgecomb in 1801 and quickly established himself as a successful businessman and community leader. He produced the first survey of the town, was its first postmaster and ran the general store. He built this house in 1806 and operated a tidally powered grist mill on Parsons Creek. When Maine achieved statehood in 1820, he was elected to its inaugural Senate. He was married to the daughter of Benjamin Randall, founder of the Free Will Baptist group.</p><br>
<p>Oaklands, also known locally as Oaklands Castle, is a historic house on Oaklands Farm in southern Gardiner, Maine. The main house of this farm property is a stone Gothic Revival work from the early career of the noted 19th-century architect Richard Upjohn. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1973.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Oaklands Farm is a property of more than 100 acre which has been in the hands of the locally prominent Gardiner family (for whom the city is named) for centuries. The land was granted in the 18th century to Silvester Gardiner, one of the Kennebec Proprietors. Confiscated by the state during the American Revolutionary War (because Gardiner was a Loyalist who fled), it was recovered by Gardiner&#39;s grandson and heir, Robert Hallowell Gardiner. Gardiner developed not just the estate, but promoted the growth of the town of Gardiner, and served as its first mayor when it was incorporated. The Oaklands estate house was built in 1835-36 to a design by Richard Upjohn, then in the early stages of his illustrious career.</p><br>
<p>The Oaklands mansion house stands overlooking the Kennebec River, west of River Road and south of Cottage Road, on the larger Oaklands estate, and is accessed by dirt roads from the north and east. The house has a two-story main block with hip roof, and a 2-1/2 story ell extending to its west. It is built out of ashlar granite, and features a crenellated parapet around the roof edge, and a projecting bastion-like turret at one corner. It was built out of stone quarried nearby in Hallowell.</p><br>
